News

On January 16, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya held a phone call with the US Deputy Secretary of State, Kurt Campbell.

The discussion focused on the recent updates regarding the situation of political prisoners in Belarus and possible steps to facilitate their release.

In addition, the parties discussed:

📌 Continued Strategic Dialogue between Belarus’ democratic forces and the United States;

📌 Collaboration with the new US administration;

📌 Expanded international cooperation;

📌 Exchanges and scholarships for Belarusians.

Source: Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

The democratic forces intend to present the New Belarusian Passport at the “Belarusians Deserve Better” event in Warsaw on January 26. However, the answers to the most frequently asked questions about the project are already available, including who will produce the passports, how much they will cost, and whether foreign states will recognize them.

📌 Will foreign states recognize the passport?

“We’ve just received samples from the Passport Center. Without these, we couldn’t start negotiations on the passport’s status. There is significant interest from foreign politicians. We’ve already spoken with several ministers, and additional legal justification is now underway. The Passport Center has sent samples to all European countries”.

📌 What about data protection?

“The Belarus Passport Center will ensure data security. Everything will be implemented to the highest international standards. Access to personal data will be strictly limited, ensuring that no one, including representatives of the regime, can find out whether someone holds a passport or not”.

📌 Who will produce the passports?

“We have found a printing solution and are truly grateful to the Lithuanian government for their support and consultations. Personalization and final printing will be handled directly by the Passport Center, while materials and blanks will be sourced from contractors”.

📌 How much will the passport cost?

“The processing fee for the passport will be €97. This covers the minimum required for document production, verification, printing, equipment rental, data storage, and the operation of the document submission center”.

Find out about the application process, required documents, and travel opportunities with the passport in the full interview with Marius Gudelaitis, who is in charge of the project.

🔗 Official website of the New Belarusian Passport

Source: Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

On the first day of her visit to The Hague, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya met with members of the Dutch government, civil society, and experts.

📌 With the Prime Minister, Dirk Schoof, the Belarusian leader discussed the non-recognition of the Lukashenka regime and the January 26 sham election. The Prime Minister assured Ms. Tsikhanouskaya that the Netherlands’ policy will remain consistent and principled.

📌 With the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Caspar Veldkamp, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya talked about:

• The release of political prisoners, including those kept incommunicado.

• Regional security, including the withdrawal of Russian troops from Belarus.

• Belarus’ role in potential peace negotiations on Ukraine.

• Increased pressure on the Lukashenka regime.

• Support for Belarusian civil society through MATRA and the Human Rights Fund.

• Enhanced support for independent media and human rights organizations.

📌 Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya’s meeting with NGOs at the Helsinki Committee’s Office focused on:

• Campaigns to release political prisoners and counter transnational repression.

• Cooperation with Belarusian civil society, human rights defenders, and journalists.

• Support for Lithuania’s referral of the Lukashenka regime’s crimes to the International Criminal Court.

📌 Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya and international affairs experts from the Clingendael Institute discussed:

• Dutch and EU strategies for Belarus.

• Possible developments in the region.

• Regional and national security issues.

• Policy recommendations for the Dutch government and the international community prepared by the Institute.

Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya: “I am glad that the Netherlands maintains a principled stance on Belarus and is committed to supporting Belarusians. It is crucial that the government distinguishes between the regime and the Belarusian people, as well as between Belarus and Russia. We must not be lumped together. The Netherlands will not recognize the January 26 ‘election’, will continue supporting our journalists and civil society, and will ensure that Belarus remains a priority on the EU agenda”.

Source: Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

During her visit to Warsaw, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, representing the United Transitional Cabinet, signed the Memorandum of Understanding with the Community of Democracies, represented by Secretary General Mantas Adomėnas.

“Dear Secretary General Adomenas, 

Dear Excellencies, and friends,

It is a great honor to stand here today among allies who share the same values and dreams. 

In this room, I know I am among friends — friends united by our belief in democracy, security, and human dignity.

One day Belarus will join the Community of Democracies as a free, democratic, and European country. But Belarusians, as a people, already belong here. 

We are fighting for the same ideals that this Community was built upon. We are standing against autocracy, and together, we are proving that democracy is worth every sacrifice.

It was a true honor to sign the memorandum of understanding between the United Transitional Cabinet of Belarus and the Community of Democracies. It is not just a symbolic gesture. It is a step toward returning Belarus to the path of democracy, human rights, and justice.

I know, this is a non-conventional step for the Community as well. But we live in non-conventional times. Such times need non-conventional solutions, and they need brave leaders.

One of those who stood behind the idea of the Community of Democracies was Madeleine Albright. She is my personal hero. But also I can call her a mentor. At the very beginning of my accidental political career, I was lucky to meet her. We were sitting and chatting, about politics, freedom, and women. It was her, who inspired me to continue my fight and stay strong, before all challenges. I saw a powerful woman, who wants to make the world a better and safer place, and I see her as an example. 

Today, I want to thank the whole team of the Community of Democracies, of course, Mantas Adomenas, and Miloslawa Zagloba. Thank you for bringing new life to this organization. 

It’s so symbolic that we meet in Warsaw – a city that knows the price of freedom like no other. Poland’s journey to freedom is an inspiration to all of us. I want to thank my Polish friends, especially the representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Ambassador Adam Halaciński, the special envoy to democratic Belarus; the Polish Senate and Sejm; experts and journalists, and steadfast allies like Michał Kamiński — a true friend of all freedom fighters.

And of course, a big “thank you” to all diplomats and ambassadors representing their countries — for standing up for what is right.

As dictators unite, we must stand united too. As dictators learn from each other, so must we. Fighting one tyranny means fighting all of them. 

Dictators hate democracy because it is resilient, inclusive, and successful. Dictators hate democracy because it is a threat to their existence. And dictators can not be appeased, or reeducated. They must be confronted. And it’s high time for democracies to show their teeth. 

Dear friends,

The first point of the Warsaw Declaration speaks about “the right of citizens to choose their representatives through regular, free and fair elections.”

Change of power is the foundation of every democracy. Unfortunately, Belarusians have been deprived of this for 31 years. In two weeks, the dictator will organize another farce, called elections, which looks more like a military operation. 

With no alternative candidates allowed, no campaign, no counting of votes, no observers, or monitoring. But with a lot of soldiers and police. The only question is what number the dictator will write in the final protocol. 

Being here, I want to ask all your countries to reject this farce. Lukashenka is an illegitimate dictator, who seized the country, dragged Belarus into the war, and has been selling it to Russia, piece by piece. And all this takes place against the will of the Belarusian people. He must be isolated, not legitimized.

Belarusians already made their choice in 2020, rejected dictatorship, and voted for democratic forces. Having a mandate from the Belarusian people, the democratic forces of Belarus have formed alternative institutions of power, the United Transitional Cabinet, as a government in waiting, and the proto-parliament – Coordination Council.

These institutions represent Belarusian society and the will of Belarusian people, not the illegitimate regime in Minsk. We are united, we defend the interests of the Belarusian people, and we answer their needs. We support Ukraine, and our people on the ground.

We also build coalitions. We have formalized our relationship with the Council of Europe, by creating a formal Contact Group. We have launched Strategic dialogues with the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada, and signed a memorandum with the European Parliament, and today, with the Community of Democracies.

We believe that there will be a new window of opportunity for Belarus. We don’t know how and when it will happen, but we know this: all dictatorships crumble in the end. 

Perhaps we will have to go through the Round Table, as Poland once did. And when that happens, we need to be strong, and we will need the support of the free world to turn Belarus towards democracy.

We are already working on reforms and drafting a new Constitution to ensure that when change comes, it will be irreversible. I hope the Community of Democracies, like the Council of Europe, can support us with their expertise.

We also need to prepare professionals for a new Belarus, and we encourage our partners to support internships, scholarships, and exchanges. We want to learn from your experiences, especially from countries that have transitioned to democracy, such as Moldova, Chile, Portugal, Romania, North Macedonia, Poland, and, of course, Lithuania.

We also rely on your support in restoring justice in Belarus. It is not enough to release our political prisoners—of whom there are more than 1,300. We must also make sure that all perpetrators are held accountable. Therefore, we ask you to support Lithuania in its referral to the International Criminal Court against the Belarus regime for crimes against humanity. The sense of impunity must end.

We also ask to appoint special envoys to Belarusian democratic forces, as Poland, Lithuania, France, Norway, Estonia, Sweden and many other countries have already done. Organize events and discussions on Belarus and democracy in your embassies. Invite us to your capitals and international events, so the voice of Belarusians will be heard.

Support our independent media, like Belsat, Zerkalo, or Nasha Niva, who deliver truth and fight disinformation. Help our human rights defenders and the repressed. Recently, with the support of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, we have launched the International Humanitarian Fund for victims of repression, and we ask other countries to join too.

Supporting Belarus is not a charity. It is an investment in democracy and freedom worldwide. 

Dear friends,

Another thing I learned from Madeleine Albright, is that no fight can be won alone. To win, you need allies.

And we as Belarusians are happy to have such determined and principled allies as you. I am sure that together we can make the world a better place, for us, and our children.

Thank you very much“.

Source: Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

At the end of December, 41-year-old Mikalai Khila was convicted in Minsk. He was found guilty under two articles: Part 1 of Article 130 of the Criminal Code (incitement of other social hatred or hostility) and Part 3 of Article 361 of the Criminal Code (calls for sanctions). Judge Alena Ananich sentenced Mikalai to four years of imprisonment, writes Politico.

Mikalai is a Protestant preacher at the Evangelical Christian Baptist Church Dabravestsie, as well as an employee of the EU delegation to Belarus. He was detained on October 24, 2023. According to the official representative of the EU, the detention took place near the building of the EU delegation by employees of the Belarusian KGB.

Source: Human Rights Center "Viasna" 

Andrzej Duda welcomed Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya and members of the United Transitional Cabinet at the Belweder Palace. The meeting was attended by the Deputy Head of the Cabinet, Pavel Latushka, the Acting Representative for National Revival, Pavel Barkouski, the Chief of Staff, Valery Matskevich, the Deputy Representative for Power Transition, Artsiom Brukhan, and the Coordination Council Speaker, Anzhalika Melnikava.

Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya: “We are united by Europe and freedom, by the desire to live in safety and peace… and today, we are united by shared pain. This includes our hero, Andrzej Poczobut, and other political prisoners. We must fight until each and every one of them is free, until we can all come back home safely”.

President Duda expressed his support for the Belarusian people and wished for a political change in Belarus to bring freedom, sovereignty, and democracy back to the country as soon as possible.

In his speech, Andrzej Duda highlighted the escalating repression ahead of the sham election. He emphasized the recent sentencing of Father Henrykh (Henadz) Akalatovich to 11 years in prison, noting that this case is yet another symbol of the challenges faced in today’s Belarus.

President Duda reaffirmed his unwavering support for a free and independent Belarus:

“Although my term is nearing its end, I will always remain a friend of a free and independent Belarus. You can always count on my support, wherever I may be”.

Source: Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

Summary:

• Repression and state terror continue to characterize the domestic policy of the Lukashenka totalitarian regime. Anyone suspected of disloyalty to the authorities may be targeted.

• At the end of December 2024, Belarus had 1,265 political prisoners, including 168 women. In December, the human rights community declared 58 people political prisoners. Since the summer of 2020, 3,697 individuals were identified as political prisoners, 680 of whom are women.

• In December, 49 political prisoners were pardoned and released. Viasna HRC emphasizes that, given the conditions created by the regime for political prisoners, such pardons are the only possibility for them to be released earlier than the term determined by their sentence or the discretion of the security services. This is especially important for people from vulnerable groups, including women, people with disabilities and serious chronic diseases, the elderly, and those raising children.

• Several human rights defenders are currently serving sentences in correctional facilities. These include Nobel Peace Prize winner Ales Bialiatski, vice-president of the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) Valiantsin Stefanovic, Uladzimir Labkovich, Maria Rabkova, volunteer Andrei Chapiuk, and Human Constanta human rights activist Nasta Loika.

• Multiple individuals imprisoned for political reasons have been held incommunicado for an extended period. Maksim Znak, Viktar Babaryka, Mikalai Statkevich, Siarhei Tsikhanouski, and others have been deprived of contact with the outside world and fellow inmates for over a year. Their situation is in line with the definition of an enforced disappearance, which is a violation of international law.

• In December, the results of the criminal prosecution for November were summarized. The courts considered at least 152 criminal cases, including 8 in special proceedings in the absence of the accused. 41 women were convicted, and half of the defendants (78 people) were convicted by the courts of Minsk city. The Brest Region was the most repressive among the provinces.

• Regular detentions occur throughout Belarus, including in small towns and rural communities. In December, human rights defenders documented 759 instances of reprisals(including criminal and administrative trials), including 454 trials in administrative cases, primarily related to “dissemination of extremist materials.” The majority of these cases were documented in the Brest and Minsk Regions.

• The authorities are continuing to expand the lists of individuals and organizations involved in extremist and terrorist activities, as well as of extremist materials. This creates and sustains the conditions for new attacks on civil society and its representatives. In addition, arbitrary inclusion on the list restricts the rights and freedoms of citizens.

• Viasna human rights defenders still regularly register and document instances of torture and other prohibited treatment during politically motivated criminal investigations, as well as in administrative proceedings. The same applies to inmates in detention facilities.

• The expert mission of the “Human Rights Defenders for Free Elections” campaign, organized by the Belarusian Helsinki Committee and the Viasna Human Rights Center, published a report on the registration process of presidential candidates for the upcoming January 2025 election.

• On December 10, International Human Rights Day, the Warsaw Museum of Free Belarus inaugurated the exhibition Feelings. Drawings by Belarusian Political Prisoners. The exposition featured a collection of artworks created by political prisoners of Belarus in prison. At the exhibition’s opening, prominent cultural figures and human rights activists presented a musical album about imprisonment and repression entitled “Yellow-Labelled.”

• On December 12, Brussels hosted the grand opening of the art installation Unbreakable. This installation was dedicated to political prisoners and human rights defenders Valiantsin Stefanovic, Ales Bialiatski, Uladzimir Labkovich, Maria Rabkova, and volunteer Andrei Chapiuk. The event was inaugurated by the head of the European Parliament delegation on relations with Belarus, Małgorzata Gosiewska; the Viasna human rights activist Maryna Kastylianchanka; and the leader of the Belarusian pro-democracy forces, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya. The event was held as part of the Belarus Days in Brussels, a series of events intended to demonstrate the European Union’s solidarity with the people of Belarus.

Politically motivated prosecution. Political prisoners

On December 10, Sviatlana Krutsikava committed suicide. She could not withstand politically motivated pressure, including arrests for distributing “extremist materials,” according to Dissident.by.

In December, a minimum of 759 cases of politically motivated repressions (detentions, searches, etc.) stemming from criminal and administrative prosecution were recorded. The wave of harassment against the LGBTQ+ community has been on the rise in recent months. The wave of arrests and intimidation related to the upcoming election, pressure on relatives of political prisoners, raids, and detentions also continued.

In December, the results of the criminal prosecution for November were summarized. The courts considered at least 152 criminal cases, including 8 in special proceedings in the absence of the accused. 41 women were convicted, and half of the defendants (78 people) were convicted by the courts of Minsk city. The Brest Region was the most repressive among the provinces.

Since 2020, at least 7,759 individuals have been subjected to politically motivated criminal prosecution, and at least 6,553 people have received politically motivated convictions.

58 people were identified as political prisoners in December. As of December 31, a total of 1,265 political prisoners were being held in detention facilities, including 168 women. At least 190 political prisoners have serious health problems.

In December, dozens of political prisoners were released after completing their sentences. Also, 49 political prisoners were pardoned last month, and information about them was only partially disclosed in pro-government media.

Upon release, political prisoners continue to face persecution.

Iryna Palianina was administratively convicted for “receiving foreign gratuitous aid” (Article 24.15 of the Administrative Violations Code). Andrei Tolchyn, who was released on a pardon in September, is currently facing administrative prosecution for the “distribution of extremist materials” (Article 19.11 of the Administrative Violations Code). Aliaksandr Patapau has been held administratively liable for the third time within three months for the “distribution of extremist materials.” Andrei Aliashkevich was tried for “violating parole rules” (Article 25.11 of the Administrative Violations Code).

Political prisoners are subjected to various forms of pressure, including transfers to high-security prisons. Such reports appeared regarding Yahor Lebiadok, Akikhira Hajeuski-Khanada, Aliaksei Navahrodski, and Mikalai Masharski. Other prisoners are confined to a secure housing unit (SHU), such as Uladzimir Kniha and Mikita Starazhenka. Some prisoners are placed in punishment cells, including Dzianis Ivashyn and Andrei Navitski, where they are subjected to inhumane detention conditions.

The repeated placement of inmates in punitive cells and secure housing units frequently leads to the filing of additional criminal charges against political prisoners. They are persecuted for persistent disobedience to the prison administration (Article 411 of the Criminal Code). The charges are based on the totality of previous disciplinary penalties. In December, these charges were brought against political prisoner Elisei Kuzniatsou and against Uladzimir Kniha, who has been held incommunicado. Ihar Karnei, a political prisoner, has been sentenced to an additional eight months of imprisonment.

According to the available information, political prisoners Andrei Navitski (since April 2024) and Mikalai Bankou (since December 2023) have been held in the incommunicado regime without any contact with the outside world. In the current conditions, this is a form of torture and contains signs of enforced disappearance. This form of pressure is also applied to Mikalai Statkevich, Maksim Znak, Ihar Losik, Siarhei Tsikhanouski, Viktar Babaryka, Aliaksandr Frantskevich, and Uladzimir Kniha. Maria Kalesnikava remains in incommunicado mode after her father’s visit interrupted more than 600 days of no communication with the outside world and no information about her. 

Persecution of human rights defenders

On the occasion of Human Rights Day, Viasna prepared an article about the forms of persecution of human rights defenders in Belarus: equating human rights activism with extremism, politically motivated prosecution, criminalization of volunteer work, and assistance to victims of human rights violations.

Maria Rabkova and Andrei Chapiuk have been held captive for a period exceeding four years in connection with their human rights activities. Similarly, Nobel Peace Prize laureates Ales Bialiatski, Valiantsin Stefanovic, and Uladzimir Labkovich have been behind bars for over three years. Nasta Loika, a human rights activist working with Human Constanta, has spent two years in prison. Vital Chopik, who was convicted for attending courts in politically motivated cases, has been in captivity for more than half a year.

Lack of fair trial in politically motivated cases

During the month of December, up to 150 politically motivated sentences were handed down. Belarusian courts persist in their role as instruments of repression, issuing politically motivated sentences and disregarding allegations of torture and ill-treatment of defendants. 

For instance, on December 23, the Viciebsk Regional Court sentenced Aliaksandr Randarenka, who had been accused of defamation and severely beaten during detention, to four years of imprisonment. The court’s press release does not indicate any instance of mistreatment of the detainee.

Judicial appeals remain ineffective. Appeals courts uphold politically motivated convictions; challenging a conviction on appeal can significantly increase the sentence.

The Belarusian authorities continue to actively use special and in absentia procedures to prosecute pro-democracy activists and opponents of the authorities. 

For example, a criminal case against politician Vadzim Prakopieu was opened for the third time under special proceedings. Uladzimir Ramanenka’s libel trial in absentia was held in closed session.

On December 16, European Union sanctions were imposed on 11 Belarusian judges for politically motivated rulings: Vera Filanchuk, Iryna Pradun, Vital Sinila, Vadzim Mazol, Nina Shastak, Iryna Maiko, Vasil Biahun, Yauhen Brehan, Aliaksandr Mokharau, Alesia Osipava and Viktar Novik were included in the sanctions list. 

There has been no let-up in the pressure on lawyers who defend people facing politically motivated charges. 141 lawyers were reportedly disbarred for political reasons. At least 88 lawyers faced politically motivated harassment, and at least 23 faced arbitrary detention. Six lawyers are imprisoned on politically motivated charges: Maksim Znak, Aliaksandr Danilevich, Anastasiya Lazarenka, Vital Brahinets, Yuliya Yurhilevich, and Aliaksei Barodka.

The aforementioned EU sanctions also affected the leadership of the Bar Association: “In his role as Chairman of the Belarusian Republican Bar Association, Aliaksei Shvakau has been leading and shaping the Belarusian Republican Bar Association policy of systemic repression against lawyers who represent clients in politically motivated cases or who speak out against abuses by the Lukashenko regime. In his former role as chairman of the Minsk City Bar Association, he also targeted lawyers representing clients in politically motivated cases. He is therefore responsible for the repression of civil society and democratic opposition and activities that undermine the rule of law in Belarus.”

Torture, cruel, inhuman, degrading treatment 



On December 3, the International Day of Persons with Disabilities, Viasna reminded that at least 11 political prisoners with disabilities are imprisoned in Belarus. Aliaksandr Kisel, who psychiatrists have monitored since he was born, has a disability. He was sent for compulsory treatment in a psychiatric hospital. Aksana Liaushova has a medical condition that restricts her mobility and renders her unable to move independently. She was sentenced to two years in a correctional facility. Architect Aliaksei Paretski, artist Kanstantsin Prusau (cousin of Siarhei Franchuk, representative of the Kastus Kalinouski Regiment), and Uladzimir Hundar (activist and local historian from Baranavičy, who is missing a leg) are living with disabilities. The latter was sentenced to 20 years in prison. In 2024, a series of pardons resulted in the release of several individuals with disabilities.

Since 2020, Viasna human rights defenders have registered more than 1,850 survivors of torture and other prohibited treatment. Human rights defenders persist in urging the documentation of torture and other severe human rights violations in Belarus to ensure accountability and bring those responsible for arbitrary repression to justice. In a video by Viasna, Yaraslau, sentenced to three years of restricted freedom for taking part in Belarus’s largest protest march, shared his experiences of torture and ill-treatment during his detention on August 9-10, 2020, as well as during subsequent detentions in 2021-2022.

Prolonged confinement in SHU or punishment cells continues to be used as a form of pressure on political prisoners, with disciplinary measures being imposed one after another. Prisoners are usually kept in poorly heated and lit rooms, completely alone and isolated. According to reports from December, political prisoner Mikalai Bankou had been held in a punishment cell for nine months and in incommunicado mode for a year. Extended detention in a punitive isolation cell under current conditions—without access to exercise, work, meaningful activities, or contact with the outside world—constitutes cruel and inhuman treatment, amounting to torture.

Viasna has compiled a significant number of testimonies from former prisoners who have endured the repercussions of egregious sanitary violations within detention facilities. These testimonies include the presence of parasitic insects and rodents, constituting a gross violation of international standards for prisoner detention.

Forced labor

Work in Belarusian penitentiaries is called forced labor, as prisoners are usually assigned to heavy and dirty work, while the administration of penitentiary institutions overlooks safety violations. Payment for work performed is used almost entirely to cover the food and utilities charged to inmates. The Criminal Executive Code stipulates that all convicts must work while serving their sentences. The only exceptions are for retirees, people with disabilities, and pregnant women. Refusal to work is a “malicious violation of internal regulations” and is punishable by placement in segregation and possibly a new criminal case under Article 411 of the Criminal Code. In this article, Viasna collected testimonies of former prisoners.

Harassment of journalists and media workers

As of December 30, 45 journalists and media workers were imprisoned, a significant increase of nine additional repressed media workers since last month.

Journalist Siarhei Skulavets, who used to work for Belsat TV, reported that his relatives were searched again. In the summer of 2023, he left Belarus, fearing persecution for his professional activities. The charges and the reason for the search remained unknown, but the journalist was of interest to the special services.

On December 10, 2024, Judge of the Minsk City Court Vera Halaukova sentenced the political prisoner journalist Volha Radzivonava to four years in prison. She was accused of “libeling A. Lukashenka” and “insulting” him, “discrediting the Republic of Belarus,” as well as “inciting other forms of social enmity or discord.” The arbitrary reprisals were due to a series of articles in Die Tageszeitung, the content of which did not meet the criteria for restrictions on freedom of expression according to generally accepted standards, nor did it warrant criminal prosecution or imprisonment.

On December 12, it was reported that at the beginning of the month, mass detentions of workers and journalists from the liquidated private newspaper Intex-press occurred in Baranavičy. Seven individuals have been detained under Article 361-4 of the Criminal Code (promoting extremist activity). Following the 2020 election, the Intex-press editorial staff encountered various challenges, including website censorship, searches, financial penalties, and the confiscation of equipment.

On December 11, the Škloŭ District Court held a trial for Ihar Karnei, a political prisoner, journalist, and blogger who was sentenced to three years in prison in March 2024. Judge Aliaksandr Tarakanau found Ihar guilty of persistent disobedience to the prison administration (Part 1, Article 411 of the Criminal Code) and sentenced him to eight additional months of imprisonment, as RFE/RL Belarus reported. It has been confirmed that the Škloŭ Correctional Facility No. 17 administration has placed the journalist in the Secure Housing Unit on multiple occasions. Consequently, he was sentenced for violations for which the administration has already reprimanded him.

On September 26, 2024, the Court of Pinsk and Pinsk District found journalist Yauhen Nikalayevich guilty under part 1 of Article 342 of the Criminal Code (organizing, preparing, or actively participating in actions that grossly violate public order). He was sentenced to one and a half years in prison. Judge Yauhenia Melnik considered the case.

In 2020, Yauhen Nikalayevich, as a video correspondent for Media-Polesye, covered the protests against electoral fraud in Pinsk. The journalist did not participate in the protests; he was on an editorial assignment, documenting the events through photography and video. On August 10, 2020, Yauhen Nikalayevich was detained and physically assaulted while carrying out his professional duties.

Violation of the freedom of peaceful assembly. Suppression of freedom of expression

Freedom of peaceful assembly and expression continues to be under attack in Belarus, where protesters and dissidents are arbitrarily prosecuted for criminal and administrative offenses, often with serious violations of fair trial standards.

The UN Human Rights Committee reviewed the cases of 18 applicants who were detained and charged under Article 23.34 of the Administrative Violations Code (participation in unauthorized mass events) and determined that the Republic of Belarus had violated the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Committee finds that sanctioning applicants for peaceful protest violated their rights under Articles 19 and 21 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Viansa HRC interviewed Iryna Hryshchuk, one of the applicants, to discuss the motivations behind her actions.

Article 130 of the Criminal Code (incitement of racial, national, religious, or other social enmity or discord) has been utilized by the regime as a tool to combat dissent since 2020. Article 130 of the Criminal Code addresses cases primarily involving online statements, including publications of various content that criticize the regime and negative remarks about representatives of the authorities. It also encompasses comments made on social media and in public chat rooms and the transfer of information about law enforcement and officials to protest structures. However, sometimes, this article is used more broadly. Human rights activist Nasta Loika and artist Ales Pushkin were also tried under the same article, for a report and art, respectively. In Belarus, 650 people have been convicted under this article, including 106 women. In this article, Viasna reports on who and what is being prosecuted for “incitement to other forms of social discord.”

On November 22, Hrodna Regional Court in the building of Kastryčnicki District Court of Hrodna considered the criminal case against political prisoner Dzmitry Holub under three criminal articles: part 1 of Article 130 (incitement to other forms of social discord), part 1 of Article 368 (insulting Lukashenka), part 1 of Article 342 (active participation in actions that grossly violate public order). Judge Dzmitry Bubenchyk sentenced the political prisoner to four years in prison. According to the prosecution’s account, from November 2019 to January 2024, Dzmitry disseminated comments via Telegram chats and his YouTube channel, addressing law enforcement, the Russian military, journalists, government officials, and Lukashenka. He was also accused of participating in a protest in 2020.

According to the Mayday Team, Viasna’s Mahilioŭ branch, on October 2, the Krasnapollie District Court of Mahilioŭ sentenced local resident Aliaksandr Kireyeu to one year of imprisonment for “insulting Aliaksandr Lukashenka” (Article 368 of the Criminal Code). The basis for criminal prosecution was that, in June 2024, Kireyeu “used inappropriate language to express his negative assessment of the personality of the President of the Republic of Belarus” in the presence of officers from the Krasnapollie District Department of Internal Affairs and the Krasnapollie District Department of Compulsory Enforcement. The trial was presided over by Judge Yauhenia Krautsova.

After 2020, some Belarusians expressed their dissent by showing disrespect for the state symbols imposed by the Lukashenka regime following the fraudulent 1996 “referendum” that replaced the constitutional symbols. Actions included tearing down red-green flags from buildings, breaking their poles, or making critical comments about the state flag. The authorities qualify such actions as “desecration of state symbols.” Over the past four years, at least 211 people have been convicted under Article 370 of the Criminal Code. The maximum penalty for this crime is three years of imprisonment. Viasna also reported on the prosecution of Belarusians for “desecration of state symbols.”

Persecution masquerading as combating extremism and terrorism

In Belarus, the de facto authorities persist in suppressing extremism, broadly defining it to include expressions of alternative viewpoints and independent associations of people.

Civil society organizations, media outlets, and online resources and mobile applications used by civil society are recognized by the authorities as extremist formations. This, in turn, is a reason to prosecute them under criminal law. In December, the Ministry of Interior expanded the List of Organizations, Formations, and Individuals Involved in Extremist Activities by including six new entries and updating two existing ones. That is twice as many as in November. The additions include the news agency Pozirk, the Telegram channels “Homieĺ – Stary Aerodrom – Chat” and “Free Žlobin,” the mobile application “Belarus ID,” the “Volnyia Kupalautsy” channel, as well as two previously listed popular media outlets among Belarusians: Zerkalo.io and KYKY.ORG.

The Belarusian Association of Journalists reports that the most common criminal charge against media representatives was “creation or participation in an extremist formation” under part 1 or 3 of Article 361-1 of the Criminal Code. It was used on at least 21 occasions.

Individuals convicted on political grounds, that is, for committing crimes of an “extremist nature” (as defined by the Law on Countering Extremism, an act that human rights activists have criticized), are included in the List of Belarusian Citizens, Foreign Nationals, or Stateless Persons Involved in Extremist Activities by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The list is regularly updated, with the most recent update occurring weekly, every Friday. For December, 93 people were added to the list, with an average of 23 people added to the list per week.

The following individuals have been added to the list: Homieĺ-based pro-government provocateur Yauhen Katliarou; foreman of OAO Hrodnazhylstroy Dzmitry Holub; and Brest resident Ala Dziasiatsik.

The KGB continues to update the list of persons involved in terrorist activities. The list includes Yury Averkau, Dzmitry Sidarenka, Uladzimir Alisiyevich, Andrei Valakhanovich, Jerzy Grigencza, Viktoria Veras, Tsikhan Klukach, and Russian citizens Eduard Koshetian and Oleg Kovrigin. The list of individuals designated as “terrorists” currently includes 517 individuals. Among them are citizens of Belarus who are being targeted for their political activities, as well as one citizen of Latvia, one of Germany, three citizens of the Russian Federation, and four citizens of Ukraine. The authorities impose financial restrictions on individuals listed as “terrorists,” ostensibly to combat terrorism. In practice, this results in the deprivation of commissary money for political prisoners under “terrorist” articles. 

The Ministry of Information continues to censor independent information by adding Telegram channels, YouTube channels, TikTok accounts, and Internet pages, including personal pages, to the List of Extremist Materials. The process of recognizing materials as extremist involves four conditional stages. First, state bodies tasked with combating extremism, such as the Ministry of Internal Affairs or the Ministry of Information, submit a request to special commissions. Second, these commissions—republican, regional, or Minsk City—evaluate the materials for signs of extremism. Third, after the evaluation, the case is forwarded to the court. Finally, the court issues the final decision. The proceedings are closed, and the content of the material is not disclosed. Following the trial, the Ministry of Information enters the titles into the republican list of extremist materials.

The courts and commissions do not thoroughly examine and evaluate materials to determine whether they contain true extremism. Recognizing materials as extremist is an ongoing challenge due to lacking specific and exhaustive grounds. This is primarily due to the broad wording in the legislation and destructive political will. Over the past four years, with a few exceptions, only sources of information not aligned with the regime have been added to the list. In December, 129 court decisions were made to classify information materials as extremist, with only five of these targeting resources featuring neo-Nazi content.

In December, the page on “X”—managed by Oleksandra Matviychuk, the head of the Ukrainian public organization Center for Civil Liberties, which won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2022—was identified as “extremist material.” Another piece of material flagged was the Telegram chat “Minsk, all about you CHAT,” which has almost 1,600 participants, most of whom are ordinary schoolchildren. Political issues are rarely discussed, but you can see young people’s messages ridiculing Lukashenka. The Instagram page “belarus_tbilisi_krakov,” the Facebook pages “Sweda Ales,” “Ihar Maslouski,” the Vkontakte page “Igor Maslovski,” and the TikTok page “Kuzma Ryzhy,” X pages “zefiryk,” “Kuzma Ryzhy,” and TikTok page “kukuha98” were also added to the list of extremist materials. 

Maintaining a register of extremist materials enables the authorities to prosecute readers and users of these materials under Article 19.11 of the Administrative Violations Code (distribution, production, storage, or transportation of information products that incite or propagate extremist activities), which stipulates the sanction of a fine or administrative detention, along with the confiscation of the “means of committing the violation.” The latter term typically refers to a cell phone.  

On December 20, the Čyhunačny District Court of Viciebsk considered the case of Siarhei Prashkevich, a well-known Instagram blogger in Viciebsk. His account boasts close to 50,000 followers, and he engages in street polls and organizes drawings for subscribers. It is known that Siarhei was previously persecuted for participating in peaceful protests. 

On December 19, the Viciebsk District Court considered yet another case against 70-year-old Aliaksandr Patapau. 

Individuals who demonstrate allegiance to the authorities are also subject to the effects of overt censorship. For instance, on December 13, the court found Zhanna Valevich, an employee of the Liepieĺ dairy-canning factory, guilty of “distribution of extremist materials” (part 2 of Article 19.11 of the Administrative Violations Code) and “unauthorized picketing” (part 1 of Article 24.23 of the Administrative Violations Code). According to pro-governmental district newspapers, she strategically scheduled her “silver wedding” to coincide with People’s Unity Day. 

Prosecutions for “extremist offenses” are ongoing. Among the points of contention are criticisms of state symbols, comments regarding Lukashenka and special services, participation in protests in 2020, and other instances of expressing alternative opinions. 

The authorities are expanding the persecution of political opponents and dissidents under the guise of combating extremism beyond the borders of the Republic of Belarus by issuing convictions in absentia of people forced to leave the Republic of Belarus due to the threat of persecution. For instance, on December 13, the Brest Region Court sentenced art manager Aliaksandr Chakhouski to seven years in prison and a fine of $9,770. 

Source: Human Rights Center "Viasna" 

During her visit to Warsaw, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya spoke at a joint session of the Polish Sejm, Senate, and the Committees on Foreign and European Affairs. Polish MPs, experts, and politicians attended the session, as well as representatives of the Belarusian community: Pavel Latushka, Aliaksandr Milinkevich, Anatoli Liabedzka, Anzhalika Melnikava, Marharyta Vorykhava, Alina Koushyk, Vlad Kobets, and Matsvei Kupreichyk.

In her speech, Ms. Tsikhanouskaya focused on political prisoners in Belarus, cooperation with the democratic forces, and regional security, calling for supporting Belarusians in Poland and distinguishing between Belarusians and the regime. The leader emphasized that for Belarusians, Poland is a symbol of freedom, solidarity, and the European future they continue to fight for every day.

• “While dictators try to poison our people with the ‘Russian world’ and isolate them from the free world, we must strengthen human connections by issuing visas, ensuring each other’s safety, organizing exchanges, and providing scholarships. I urge you not to lump Belarus together with Russia. Our societies and the environments they exist in are different. Belarusian society has already made its choice”.

• “Sometimes I hear opinions suggesting it might be worth negotiating with Lukashenka to guard him from Putin. This is a mistake. Lukashenka is not defending Belarus’ independence. On the contrary, he is a threat to our independence. His sole goal is to cling to power at any cost”.

“Hundreds of thousands of Belarusians have found a safe haven in Poland. They participate in public life, volunteer, and donate to support Ukraine and our volunteer fighters. These people are a treasure and an essential part of our democratic movement. They need support. We need to make their lives easier”.

Source: Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

Yuriy Gubarevich, NAM's Regional Development Representative and leader of the "For Freedom" movement, in an interview with the Ukrainian publication "FREEДОМ", discussed how Lukashenko's reappointment would unfold on January 26, 2025.

"The 'No-Election-2025' differs from all previous electoral campaigns because there used to be opportunities for opposition political parties to act. In 2021–2022, all of them were liquidated. All four candidates are merely sparring partners, and even the presence of some opposition episodes in their biographies signifies nothing. These individuals have been thoroughly vetted and will campaign in support of Lukashenko".

Lukashenko will once again refuse to participate in debates

"He feels uncomfortable when he might receive an unexpected or unprepared question from an interlocutor. The dictator will simply stay on the air, while the other candidates will be given strictly limited time during which they will praise Lukashenko. This is part of their agreement to participate in these elections".

The dictator will 'paint' himself no less than 90% 

"Even if Lukashenko decides to 'paint' himself a result higher than Putin's in these 'no-elections', the Kremlin will pay no attention. Many other dictators from former Soviet republics have allowed themselves to claim nearly one hundred percent support. But I do not think that Lukashenko will face any consequences if he even claims 99%. The regime within Belarus might go for this, as Lukashenko's usurpation of power is complete and absolute".

Source: NAM

For Belarusians, last year was marked by mass persecution for solidarity. A year when Lukashenka once again showed that he is still at war with women. Senior citizens, teenagers, cancer patients, and parents with many children — it makes no difference to the regime who is detained when the actions of Belarusians are seen as "extremism." The year 2024 was also marked by several waves of pardons with a total of 227 political prisoners released. At the same time, detentions of dozens of people continue daily throughout Belarus. The elections, which will be held in January of the new year, have triggered a series of new preventive attacks on the public sector. In addition, the situation with political prisoners in Belarus remains at a critical level. Prisoners are held in appalling conditions without access to proper medical care, are subjected to torture and beatings, and are held incommunicado for months. Viasna reports in numbers how the situation with political prisoners has changed in 2024. 

As of December 29, 2024, 1,265 political prisoners are being held behind bars. Of these, 1,097are men and 168 are women.

According to Viasna, at least 224 political prisoners are at particular risk. 104 people are in a precarious health state behind bars, 11 people have disabilities, 46 people are over the age of 60 (many of them have serious health problems), and 16 people have mental disorders. There are 29 mothers and fathers with many children among the political prisoners.

For people from certain vulnerable groups, incarceration is even more challenging than for others. In addition, it further worsens their health due to untimely care, lack of regular medical examinations that they need, and the unavailability of the necessary medical supplies.

Currently, the following are imprisoned:

• 45 media workers;

• 175 cultural figures;

• 6 human rights defenders;

• 17 doctors;

• 7 lawyers;

• 20 military personnel;

• 10 clergy and believers;

• over 30 IT professionals;

There are at least 30 families among current political prisoners, which has been the maximum number of families behind bars over the past few years.

For example, Aliaksei Zachapila and his wife Liudmila Likhacheuskaya are currently imprisoned. They were placed in custody, although the couple has three children, one of whom is a minor. Through the court, money was recovered from them for child support.

Incommunicado imprisonment is a serious violation of human rights. It means that a convicted person is not allowed to correspond and visit relatives and a lawyer. At least nine political prisoners are currently known to be incommunicado: Siarhei Tsikhanouski, Ihar Losik, Viktar Babaryka,Maksim Znak, Mikalai Statkevich, Mikalai Bankou, Aliaksandr Frantskevich, Andrei Navitski, and Uladzimir Kniha.

Maryia Kalesnikava was incommunicado for more than 600 days, but in November 2024 she was allowed to meet with her father.

The increased punishment of political prisoners can be called one of the main trends of the last two years. After being transferred to places of detention, the penal colony administration begins to harass them: they are punished for far-fetched reasons, deprived of care packages and visits, and sent to a punitive isolation cell (SHIZO) and a cell-type space (PKT).

This becomes the basis for transfer to a prison security level or the initiation of a criminal case under Article 411 of the Criminal Code (malicious disobedience to the requirements of the administration of a correctional institution).

According to human rights activists, since 2020, at least 95 political prisoners have been transferred to a prison security level and new criminal cases have been initiated against 66more for "disobeying the administration." 

Since June 2024, Lukashenka has signed several decrees pardoning political prisoners. A total of 227 people have been released on pardon. Among them are people with serious illnesses, parents with many children, and senior citizens. Among them, 67-year-old Ryhor Kastusiou, a political prisoner with cancer Pavel Kuchynski, and journalist Ksenia Lutskina were pardoned.

In addition, five political prisoners who are Ukrainian citizens were released on exchange. Natallia Zakharanka, Pavlo Kupriyenko, Liudmila Hancharenka, Katsiaryna Brukhanava, as well as Mikalai Shvets, a defendant in the Mačuliščy sabotage case, were released.

Over the past year, 589 people have been recognized as political prisoners.

Since 2020, at least 1,385 political prisoners have served their full sentences and been released, twice as many as last year. It should be noted that some of them are subjected to repeated prosecution after their release and are detained in new criminal cases.

Last year was marked by tragic dates in the history of modern Belarus — the deaths of four political prisoners whose hearts stopped behind bars.

On the night of January 9, 2024, Vadzim Khrasko, a 50-year-old political prisoner died of pneumonia in Viciebsk colony No. 3. In August 2023, the Minsk City Court sentenced him to three years of imprisonment for several donations, although the man had a serious illness. The man was taken to the hospital when he could no longer be saved.

At the end of February 2024, Ihar Lednik, a political prisoner and a public activist, died at the age of 64. He was sentenced to three years of imprisonment for "slandering Lukashenka." The political prisoner had a disability due to heart problems, but he was sentenced to imprisonment anyway. In the colony, Ihar Lednik's health deteriorated significantly, and he underwent gastrointestinal surgery. The cause of death of the political prisoner was cardiac arrest. Doctors tried to resuscitate him but to no avail.

On April 9, 2024, Aliaksandr Kulinich died in the Brest pre-trial detention center. He was accused of "insulting Lukashenka." His trial was scheduled to take place on April 16. The death reports indicate that Aliaksandr died due to coronary heart disease. In pre-trial detention center No. 7 in Brest, journalists were told that there was a prisoner with that name, but refused to confirm the fact of death.

On November 1, 2024, it became known that Dmitry Shlethauer, a citizen of the Russian Federation, had died in Mahilioŭ colony No. 15. It happened on October 11, 2024. The death certificate of the political prisoner indicated "mechanical asphyxia" as the cause. Very often, such a record is made in cases of suicides. But the family does not believe in his suicide, as Dzmitry had plans and was going to write a petition for clemency. In the summer of 2024, the man was sentenced to 12 years of imprisonment for "espionage" and "facilitating extremist activities."

A total of seven political prisoners have died behind bars since 2021.

Source: Human Rights Center "Viasna" 

There are more than 1300 political prisoners in Belarus today. Before the next elections*, people inside the country are subjected to incredible pressure and harassment: detentions and searches have not stopped for almost five years. Due to political persecution, more and more people are forced to leave their homes and leave Belarus. But this is not enough for the regime. In 2024, forced refugees have been increasingly persecuted: trials in absentia, searches of relatives remaining in Belarus, new threats and restrictions — this is not a complete list of the repressive practices that the authorities use against them.

The authorities seek to stifle any activity of people abroad and silence them. Today, Viasna reports on that.

Handing over Belarusians

In November 2024, Vietnam handed over to Belarus Vasil Verameichyk, a volunteer of the Kalinoŭski Regiment, who was detained in this Asian country. It is reported that the man ended up in Asia, as Lithuania recognized him as a threat to national security and banned him from entering the European Union. The man was brought to Belarus on the evening of November 14 under the escort of three people. A criminal case was initiated against him under Part 1 of Article 366 (violence or threat against an official performing official duties) of the Criminal Code.

Since the beginning of the repression in 2020, there have also been cases of Belarusians being detained in Russia. Thus, the security forces arrested former political prisoner Aliaksei Korshun, as well as political prisoner Yury Kastsiuk, who was beaten during extradition. 

Trials in absentia

In 2024, criminal proceedings were initiated against 110 Belarusians who left Belarus due to persecution. For comparison, 17 criminal cases in absentia were initiated in four months of 2022, and 18 in 2023. Investigators place a special emphasis on finding the property of these Belarusians to confiscate it, allegedly as compensation for the damage caused.

There are many trials for participation in peaceful assemblies and "insulting" officials and Lukashenka.

For example, in May, the most massive trial in absentia began in the Minsk City Court. In the case of the Tsikhanouskaya Analysts, 20 people were convicted at once — political scientists, journalists, and sociologists. According to the case file, all of them were accused of committing "crimes of an extremist nature" in connection with the election campaign of Aliaksandr Lukashenka, as well as in the post-electoral period. They were sentenced to a minimum of 11 years of imprisonment each and huge fines.

Human rights defenders are also sentenced in absentia. Former political prisoner, lawyer, and human rights defender Leanid Sudalenka was sentenced in absentia in the Homieĺ Regional Court. After his release, Leanid was charged under Parts 1 and 2 of Article 361-4 (assistance to extremist activities) of the Criminal Code and sentenced to five years in a high-security penal colony and a huge fine. Viasna human rights defender Alena Masliukova was sentenced in absentia to three years in a general security penal colony. She is charged under Part 1 and Part 2 of Articles 361-4 of the Criminal Code (assistance to extremist activities), but the essence of the charge is unknown even to the human rights defender.

Let us remind you that Lukashenka signed the law that allows trying Belarusians in absentia in July 2022. This has become a new repressive tool against opponents of the Lukashenka regime and political activists who have left Belarus. It allows investigations to be completed and cases to be brought to court in the absence of the accused. There are practically no opportunities for the accused to participate in such a process. Only each time the Investigative Committee publishes news about the initiation of a case, it urges the defendants to come to their department. 

According to Viasna, more than 55 people have been detained upon their return to Belarus since the beginning of 2024, 17 of whom have been prosecuted. However, the figure may be significantly higher due to human rights defenders lacking the complete data.

Threats from the security forces

Sometimes Belarusians forced to leave the country receive letters or phone calls from security forces. They offer to "come back and come for questioning," they say that the punishment will not be related to imprisonment, and the recipient will be able to stay at home until the trial. Some are offered to return "to receive administrative punishment and live in peace."

KGB officers wrote and called some Belarusians abroad because the latter had donated to various initiatives. The former offered to return and pay a "ransom." The security forces write to activists who helped political prisoners: they are asked where the activists got money to help political prisoners, and whether they knew those they helped.

Former political prisoners receive calls abroad and also their relatives are visited. People sentenced to restriction of freedom are also asked where they live and required to send a confirmation of their stay abroad.

For example, the Main Directorate for Combating Organized Crime and Corruption (GUBOPiK) threatened blogger Mikita Melkaziorau. GUBOPiK's outrage was caused by Melkaziorau calling the Soviet-era party figure Panteleimon Ponomarenko a "piece of shit."

Pressure on relatives in Belarus

Since the very beginning of 2024, pressure has continued on the relatives of Belarusians who were forced to leave abroad due to political persecution. Thus, in January 2024, there were mass detentions of relatives of political prisoners and former political prisoners throughout the country. On charges of "extremism", the KGB conducted raids, interrogations, and detentions against nearly 300 family members of current and former political prisoners, as well as beneficiaries of the INeedHelpBY initiative. Most of them are mothers and wives of political prisoners, including Maryna Adamovich, the wife of Mikalai Statkevich, Tatsiana Seviarynets, the mother of Pavel Seviarynets, and Darya Losik, the wife of Ihar Losik, who was previously arrested.

After this raid, Iryna Takarchuk, the mother of former political prisoner Volha Takarchuk, was detained. The woman was sentenced to three years in a penal colony.

In the fall of 2024, there was a new wave of persecution. On November 14, KGB officers staged another raid across the country, and relatives of political prisoners were also detained. Many people have been arrested and searched for receiving help. The human rights defenders found out about the third wave of harassment in the winter — people are interrogated and devices and bank cards are confiscated. This is probably also related to getting help.

Sometimes relatives were forced to say what the police officers wanted on camera. In July 2024, such videos were recorded with relatives of the leading Lusterka TikTok accounts. Several additional criminal cases have been initiated against their presenters, with searches and confiscation of property.

In the fall of 2024, security forces visited the mother of Homieĺ resident Mikalai Stahurski: they confiscated the woman's phone and threatened to "detain her for a day."

For example, after the January raid, Aliaksandr Semianiuk, the daughter of political prisoner Alena Hnauk, was forced to leave with her three children.

Persecution for participation in marches abroad

The Investigative Committee has initiated a criminal case against Belarusians who took part in Freedom Day rallies around the world. The agency reported that 104 names had been added to the list of suspects in the case of Belarusians Abroad. They allegedly took part in street actions in Warsaw, Vilnius, Wrocław, Białystok, Brussels, Batumi, Prague, California, Philadelphia, etc. These people are recognized as suspects in the criminal case — they are charged under Articles 361-1 of the Criminal Code (creation of an extremist formation and participation in it) and Articles 369-1 of the Criminal Code (discrediting the Republic of Belarus).

As part of the investigation of the criminal case, security forces discover information about real estate and property in Belarus belonging to these people. Investigative actions are currently underway, including inspections, searches, confiscation of property, and other procedural measures.

Various lists of "undesirables"

The so-called lists of "extremists", "terrorists", and "extremist formations" are updated weekly in Belarus. Belarusians who were forced to emigrate due to political persecution — those who were tried in Belarus or in absentia — constantly get there. Most of the restrictions imposed on people on such lists are related to activities within the country.

Let us remind you that there are almost five thousand people on the list of "extremists", and 1,220 people on the "terrorist" list, among whom more than 500 are Belarusians.

Belarusian organizations are also recognized as "extremist formations" — moreover, the names of persons allegedly related to them are published.

In six months, 773 Belarusian citizens appeared on the Russian wanted list. It includes more than 3,500 people in total. Belarusian human rights activists Natallia Satsunkevich, Leanid Sudalenka, Ihar Kazmerchak, Iryna Tratsiakova, Pavel Levinau, Maryia Tarasenka, Uladzimir Khilmanovich, Zmitser Salauyou, Alena Masliukova, Siarzhuk Sys were added to the database

Criminalization of communication with people abroad

In an environment where a huge number of people have been convicted in absentia, put on "extremist" and "terrorist" lists, and organizations are recognized as "extremist formations," any connection to them is criminalized. It is known that criminal cases are initiated against Belarusians for interviews with media that are recognized as "extremist." 

In September 2024, it became known that a criminal case had been initiated for participating in Plan:B TV show on Belsat TV channel. There are more than a dozen people suspected of facilitating extremist activities (Part 2 of Articles 361-4 of the Criminal Code). Investigators came to the relatives of the suspects, inquired about the whereabouts of the show participants, interviewed neighbors, and conducted other procedural actions. Human rights defenders know of several searches.

Ihar Kazmerchak, an Orša human rights defender and the editor of the portal Orsha.eu, became a defendant in the criminal case brought against those who gave interviews to the media included in the list of "extremist formations".

Documents related pressure

Some of the forms of pressure are related to the legislative restrictions that were imposed in 2023. They continued to operate in 2024, making life more difficult for Belarusians abroad. It is still prohibited to obtain passports abroad and to carry out property transactions in Belarus based on a power of attorney issued abroad. 

In addition, people who have returned home after living abroad still face detentions.

Pavel Sapelka, a Viasna lawyer, commented on the persecution of Belarusians abroad: 

"The persecution of Belarusians for exercising their civil rights and freedoms, as well as manifestations of state terrorism aimed at intimidating dissidents, opponents of the regime, and even ordinary people has spread beyond the borders of Belarus.

In her final report, UN Human Rights Council Special Rapporteur Anaïs Marin notedthat measures against citizens moving abroad and their family members, politically motivated harassment, and violations of fair trial guarantees are inadmissible.

Since the summer of 2020, the actions of the Belarusian regime have been a large-scale and systematic attack on the civilian population. Taking this into account, the Government of the Republic of Lithuania, under Articles 13 (A) and 14 of the Rome Statute, on September 30, 2024, referred the situation in the Republic of Belarus to the International Criminal Court for investigation by the Prosecutor's Office of the Court. The government noted that 'as part of this attack, the regime forcibly displaced hundreds of thousands of legal residents of Belarus in neighboring Lithuania and other countries, without grounds permitted by international law. Such a displacement, known as deportation (since it is carried out across the border), occurred through various basic actions/behaviors listed above, including expulsion, other coercive actions, or other related crimes, and was committed for political reasons.

The deportation was the key objective of the Belarusian regime's attack — to get rid of all critics and opponents by any means to strengthen the regime's authoritarian position in power. All the direct perpetrators, their commanders, and superiors were clearly aware of the attack. There are obvious links between expulsions, threats, and other key factors contributing to a coercive environment, and a general attack leading to illegal deportation.' Lawyers believe that collectively these actions constitute crimes against humanity of three different types: (a) illegal deportation, (b) persecution, and (c) other inhumane acts and possibly other related crimes."

Source: Human Rights Center "Viasna" 

In November, the Viasna Human Rights Center observed a continuing trend toward criminal prosecution of citizens for political reasons. Over the past month, at least 144 people have become victims of criminal repression, of whom 35 are women and 109 are men. Four more people were convicted in special proceedings.

78 people were convicted in Minsk in November

The prosecution in politically motivated criminal cases in different regions in November looked as follows:

• Minsk — 78 people;

• Brest region — 28 people;

• Homieĺ region — 9 people;

• Minsk region — 12 people;

• Hrodna region — 8 people;

• Viciebsk region — 3 people;

• Mahilioŭ region — 6 people;

Record number of families prosecutedr

During November, a record number of married couples or groups of relatives who came under politically motivated criminal prosecution were recorded. The Minsk City Court heard the case against Henadz and Iryna Saurytski, as well as their daughter Viyaleta Viarbitskaya, under Part 3 of Article 130 of the Criminal Code, which stipulates liability for inciting hatred. The Brest Regional Court heard the case against Uladzislau and Tatsiana Kasheyeu under the article for treason.

Ten more groups of relatives were persecuted in November under Article 342. The case against Ihar and Katsiaryna Hramovich, as well as Andrei, Hanna, and Tatsiana Vashchyshyn, was heard in the Frunzenski District Court of Minsk. The Kastryčnicki District Court of Minsk handled the cases against Mark Kunitski and Iryna Pratazanava-Kunitskaya, as well as Siarhei and Anzhela Sandaliuk.

The Tsentraĺny District Court of Minsk heard the case against Aleh and Dziyana Siniauski. The Zavadskoj District Court of Minsk handled the case against Hanna, Ina, and Raman Usmanau. The case against Aksana and Andrei Salavei was heard in the Peršamajski District Court of Minsk. The Dziarzhynsk District Court heard the cases against Darya and Mikhail Navosh, as well as Illia and Alesia Zhyburt. The cases against Aliaksandr and Anton Nevar were handled in the Pinsk District Court with an interval of one day.

An increase in repeated and subsequent convictions

In November, Viasna recorded five cases of repeated persecution of citizens previously prosecuted in politically motivated criminal cases. The case against Siarhei Arlou was heard in the Tsentraĺny District Court of Minsk under the article on resistance to an employee of the internal affairs bodies. In July 2022, the Čavusy District Court convicted the man under an article stipulating liability for insulting a representative of the authorities. The Frunzenski District Court of Minsk handled the case against Tsimur Khairulin under the article on insulting a representative of the authorities. In August 2022, the man was persecuted by the Minsk City Court under this article and the article stipulating responsibility for inciting hatred.

The Miadzeĺ District Court handled the case against environmental activist Stanislau Taspayeuunder articles on repeated violations of the procedure for organizing or holding mass events and discrediting the Republic of Belarus. Exactly three years ago, the man was persecuted by the same court under an article on defamation and sentenced to two years of restriction of freedom without being sent to an open-type correctional facility.

The Maladzečna District Court heard a case under the article stipulating responsibility for insulting Lukashenka against Anton Puhach, who six months ago was sentenced by the Leninski District Court of Mahilioŭ to one and a half years of imprisonment under the same article and the article stipulating responsibility for insulting a representative of the authorities.

The Kobryn District Court handled the case under Parts 1 and 2 of Article 342 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus against Uladzislau Nastsiushkin. A year ago, in the same court, he was convicted under an article stipulating responsibility for the development, use, distribution, or sale of malicious computer programs or special software or hardware.

Further persecution of political prisoners

In November, the trend of arbitrary persecution of political prisoners who were repressed at the very beginning of the political crisis in mid-2020, whose term of imprisonment was coming to an end at the end of 2024, became visible. The Babrujsk District Court handled the cases against Pavel Spiryn and Dzmitry Kazlou under Article 411, which stipulates repeated and arbitrary extension of the imprisonment term for "malicious disobedience to the requirements of the administration of a correctional institution."

In the same court and under the same article, the case against Siarhei Kanavalau was heard. In September 2022, the man was sentenced to imprisonment for a term of 15 years under articles on an act of terrorism, intentionally damaging a vehicle or communication lines, and inciting hatred.

In November, Article 411 of the Criminal Code was applied to extend the sentence of Aliaksandr Aranovich, who was sentenced to six years of imprisonment for preparing for mass riots and organizing actions that grossly violate public order.

Source: Human Rights Center "Viasna" 

The President of the European Parliament, Roberta Metsola, hosted Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya ahead of the high-level conference on Belarus in the European Parliament.

Ms. Tsikhanouskaya thanked Ms. Metsola for supporting the Belarus Days in Brussels and inviting over 150 Belarusian representatives, including human rights defenders, activists, journalists, and cultural figures.

“This is truly an unprecedented event. It demonstrates your solidarity and support”, the Belarusian leader noted.

During their meeting, Ms. Metsola and Ms. Tsikhanouskaya discussed plans to deepen cooperation between the European Parliament and Belarus’ democratic forces following the Letter of Intent on Cooperation signed earlier this year.

Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya urged the European Parliament to refrain from recognizing Lukashenka’s sham election, maintain a principled and consistent policy, and demand the cessation of repression, the release of political prisoners, and an end to the regime’s involvement in the war. The parties also discussed possible plenary hearings on Belarus in the European Parliament.

“For years, President Roberta Metsola has taken a decisive and principled stance on Belarus. She has consistently supported our struggle and emphasized the distinction between the regime and the Belarusian people. I know she deeply cares about our country and especially about our political prisoners. Roberta Metsola has become a godparent to Palina Sharenda-Panasiuk and actively raised the issue of her release, as well as the release of all political prisoners, on international platforms.

I am truly glad that the European Union’s support for Belarus remains unwavering and the issue of Belarus unites different groups and parties in the European Parliament”, noted Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya.

Source: Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

During the Belarus Days in Brussels, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya held a briefing for a European Parliament delegation.

She outlined the key challenges Belarus faces, calling for rejecting the legitimacy of the 2025 ‘election’, supporting independent Belarusian media, and increasing assistance to Belarusian society. In addition, she proposed effective ways to aid political prisoners and their families.

Talking about the 2025 sham election, Ms. Tsikhanouskaya urged the EU to:

• Deny any legitimacy to the campaign.

• Support efforts to monitor and document violations associated with the campaign.

• Amplify the democratic forces’ voices to counter the Lukashenka regime’s propaganda with a vision of a free Belarus.

The Belarusian leader also outlined specific steps the EU could take to support:

Independent media:

• Provide consistent financial and technical support to independent media.

• Organize training on digital security, investigative journalism, and audience engagement.

• Foster partnerships with European media to amplify Belarusian voices on international platforms.

Civil society:

• Support initiatives promoting democratic values in Belarus and resisting Russian aggression and the ideology of the ‘Russian world’.

• Simplify visa procedures and facilitate the issuance of residency permits for Belarusians in exile.

Political prisoners:

• Raise awareness about political prisoners through international campaigns.

• Provide legal assistance to prisoners and their families via international organizations.

• Establish an EU-led task force to document human rights violations.

Source: Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

This significant event brought together international partners to support the Belarusian people in their struggle for democracy and human rights.

During the conference, two panel discussions were held:

1. Pathways to a democratic future for Belarus

2. Violations of rights and the fate of political prisoners

The event was jointly organised by the European External Affairs  Service and the European Parliament, in cooperation with the European Commission, as part of the Days of Belarus in Brussels.

Source: People's Embassies of Belarus

“On December 10, Sviatlana Krutsikava took her own life. She had been persecuted for distributing ‘extremist’ materials, subjected to searches, and endured psychological abuse. It is impossible to comprehend the torment that drove someone to such a tragic and irreversible step – a step born of despair.

The regime destroys lives not only in prisons. It ruins people’s health – both physical and mental – through harassment, threats of persecution, and relentless manipulation. At some point, even the strongest hearts can break.

News like this brings immense pain and horror. Repression and war can shake even the brightest souls to their core and drive them to despair. We all face endless challenges in life. Please, check in on your loved ones. Ask how they are, stand by them during difficult times, and stay connected. If you feel overwhelmed and alone, seek support from those close to you and share your pain.

In this difficult moment, I want to extend my deepest condolences to Sviatlana’s family. The loss of a loved one is an unfathomable grief that defies comparison”.

Source: Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

During her visit to Brussels, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya inaugurated the exhibition “Voices from Prison: Art as Resistance”. The project features drawings and letters revealing the stories of Belarusian political prisoners, their resilience, and the defiance they demonstrate even behind bars.

In her speech, Ms. Tsikhanouskaya praised the project as important and shared her reflections after viewing the exhibition:

“This exhibition pays tribute to our political prisoners. There are over 1,300 of them officially but the real number is much higher.

You can probably guess what strikes me the most here – the outline of my husband’s hand. Words can’t convey all the emotions I feel. Siarhei sent letters like this before he lost all contact with the outside world – more than 600 days ago. Since then, my children and I have not heard from him and don’t even know if he is alive.

Thankfully, some of the contributors to this exhibition have been freed. But many are still imprisoned. For them, writing poetry or drawing is perhaps their only way to preserve their humanity in inhumane conditions.

By displaying the works of political prisoners, we remind the world of their plight and the urgent need to secure their release”.

The exhibition was organized by the European External Action Service in cooperation with Belarusian partners, including the Representation for National Revival of the United Transitional Cabinet, BYSOL, A Country to Live in, Voices Across Borders, and Freedom Postcards.

Source: Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

Ahead of the OSCE Ministerial Council meeting on December 6, 37 participating states issued a statement on the elections in Belarus. It noted that they remain deeply concerned about the constantly deteriorating human rights situation in Belarus, Pozirk reported.

The statement once again called for the release of all political prisoners:

“We reiterate that the Belarusian authorities must ensure that all persons deprived of their liberty are treated with humanity and respect for their inherent dignity. Belarusian authorities have the responsibility to implement their OSCE commitments, including those under the 2020 Tirana Ministerial Council Decision on Prevention and Eradication of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.”

“While we recognize the pardons that have been granted since July 2024, we emphasize that the Belarusian authorities continue to arbitrarily detain many more citizens on political grounds than they have pardoned,” the authors noted.

The signatories recall that in 1990, in Copenhagen and Paris, OSCE participating states committed to democracy and political pluralism underlining that “the will of the people, freely and fairly expressed through periodic and genuine elections, is the basis of the authority and legitimacy of all government,” and reaffirmed these commitments in Istanbul in 1999.

“How can free and fair elections take place in such an environment in Belarus? Where there is no freedom of expression or media freedom? Where anyone who expresses a view counter to the authorities is branded 'extremist'? Where individuals who attempt to exercise their right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association face a real threat of arrest and detention? In an environment with restrictions on political participation and de facto no form of political opposition allowed within the country?” the document says.

OSCE observers, as in previous election campaigns, have not been invited to the country.

"Human Rights Defenders for Free Elections"

Source: Human Rights Center "Viasna" 

The second round of the Strategic Dialogue between the United States government and the democratic forces of Belarus took place in Vilnius. The meeting was chaired by the US Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Christopher Smith, and the Head of Belarus’ United Transitional Cabinet, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya. Representatives of Belarusian democratic institutions, civil society, human rights organizations, and media outlets also attended the meeting.

The discussions and arrangements centered around:

• Political prisoners:

The US reaffirmed its stance that all political prisoners must be released unconditionally. Discussions covered expanding support for their families, rehabilitation programs, and psychological assistance for those released.

• Civil society and media:

Financial support for independent media and human rights defenders in exile will continue. Assistance will also be extended to Belarusian businesses operating abroad.

• Accountability for the regime’s crimes:

The US stated its support for international investigations, including collection of evidence and preparation of trials addressing crimes against humanity.

• National identity:

Belarusian cultural initiatives will receive aid through programs for language preservation, literary translation, cultural events, and educational projects.

• Exchanges:

Over 100 Belarusians participated in educational and professional exchanges with the US in the past year. The number of participants is set to increase in 2025, with a focus on young leaders, educators, and media representatives.

• Sanctions:

Existing sanctions will be strengthened, with new measures targeting individuals and companies supporting the regime and involved in the war against Ukraine, including suppliers for Russia’s defense industry.

• 2025 sham election:

The parties agreed that a free election is impossible given the current situation in Belarus and the campaign scheduled for January 2025 cannot be recognized as fair or legitimate.

The meeting emphasized the need to deepen the partnership between the United States and the democratic forces of Belarus. Dedicated working groups will be established to ensure that the agreed initiatives are implemented.

Source: Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

Summary:

• Widespread arbitrary repression against political opponents of the regime and dissidents in Belarus intensified in the run-up to the presidential election announced by the authorities. In the absence of significant protests, the authorities extend repression to areas of public life they consider suspect and groups perceived as disloyal. This creates an atmosphere of fear and stifles the rebuilding of opposition political institutions and an independent civil sector. The rise of state terror is a potential threat to anyone who is not a supporter of the regime.

• Viasna welcomes the ongoing process of releasing political prisoners, particularly those from vulnerable groups, before the completion of their sentences and supports all continuing efforts to sustain this process. The release of each individual is priceless and does not contradict the demand and strategic goal expressed by human rights activists – the release of all political prisoners.

• Despite the release of a significant number of political prisoners upon completion of their sentences and through pardon, the overall figure remains relatively consistent. As of the end of November 2024, there were 1,296 political prisoners in Belarus, including 172 women. Last month, the human rights community declared 62 people political prisoners. Since the summer of 2020, the human rights community has identified 3,638 individuals as political prisoners, 669 of whom are women.

• The Viasna Human Rights Center has several members serving sentences in correctional facilities. These include Nobel Peace Prize winner Ales Bialiatski, vice-president of the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) Valiantsin Stefanovic, Uladzimir Labkovich, Maria Rabkova, volunteer Andrei Chapiuk, and Human Constanta human rights activist Nasta Loika.

• Multiple individuals imprisoned for political reasons have been held incommunicado for an extended period. Viktar Babaryka, Mikalai Statkevich, Siarhei Tsikhanouski, and others have been deprived of contact with the outside world and with fellow inmates for over a year. Their situation is in line with the definition of an enforced disappearance, which is a violation of international law.

• In November, the results of criminal prosecutions in Belarus for October were summarized. Of the 172 individuals convicted, 52 were women, and 120 were men. Twelve others were sentenced in special proceedings.

• From September through mid-November, the courts heard at least 1,213 administrative cases related to political dissent, most of which concerned the distribution of “extremist materials.” Mass detentions have been carried out in numerous locations across Belarus, including in smaller towns. In November, human rights defenders documented 671 instances of repression, including 377 administrative trials. One-third of those persecuted are women. Most of the cases were registered in the Brest and Homieĺ regions.

• The List of Persons and Entities Involved in Extremist and Terrorist Activities and the List of Extremist Materials are updated regularly. This forms grounds for new attacks on civil society and its representatives and is also an additional, often extrajudicial, means of arbitrarily restricting citizens’ rights and freedoms.

• Viasna human rights defenders still regularly register and document instances of torture and other prohibited treatment during politically motivated criminal investigations, as well as in administrative proceedings. The same applies to inmates in detention facilities.

• The expert mission of the campaign “Human Rights Defenders for Free Elections,” organized by the Belarusian Helsinki Committee and the Viasna Human Rights Center, has published its first report since the beginning of the election campaign. The report provides an overview of the situation before the elections. Another analytical report addresses the formation of territorial election commissions.

• The Viasna Human Rights Center cordially invites visitors to the opening of the exhibition “Feelings” in Warsaw on December 10. The event will feature a collection of images created by political prisoners of Belarus in prison conditions. Additionally, the musical album “Yellow-labelled” will be presented.

• In observance of the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women on November 25, 16 days of activism against gender-based violence commenced, concluding on December 10, International Human Rights Day.

Politically motivated prosecution. Political prisoners

In early November, it was revealed that Dmitry Shletgauer, the seventh political prisoner to die in prison, passed away on October 11 at Mahilioŭ Correctional Facility No. 15. The death certificate of the political prisoner indicates that the cause of death was “mechanical asphyxia.” It is very common for suicides to be on record in this way. According to a Zerkalo source, the family does not believe in suicide, as Dmitry shared plans with them and was going to write a petition for clemency. In the summer of 2024, the man was sentenced to 12 years in prison on charges of espionage (Article 358 of the Criminal Code) and promoting extremist activities (Part 1 of Article 361-4 of the Criminal Code).

As of November 30, there were 1,296 political prisoners in Belarus, including 172 women. 31 political prisoners are in a critical state of health, which is not compatible with their imprisonment. In November, 62 people were recognized by human rights activists as political prisoners.

At the end of November, the number of former political prisoners reached 2,392, including 499 women. It has been confirmed that at least 24 political prisoners completed their sentences in November, and at least 15 political prisoners have done so in October. 

In November, A. Lukashenka approved the pardoning of 63 individuals convicted on political grounds, as stipulated in two presidential decrees. Since June of this year, 178 individuals have been released as a result of pardons.

Concurrently, the overall rate of politically motivated prosecution is on the rise. It is estimated that at least 7,615 individuals have been subjected to politically motivated criminal prosecution since 2020, with at least 6,249 individuals receiving politically motivated convictions. 

In November, at least 671 politically motivated repressions (detentions, searches, etc.) stemming from criminal and administrative prosecution were recorded.

Political prisoners who remain in places of detention continue to experience pressure from prison administrations. This includes placement in punishment cells and the Secure Housing Unit, transfers to high-security prisons, new criminal charges, arbitrary isolation from contact with the outside world, and other forms of pressure.

The Viasna publication presents an overview of the ongoing persecution of political prisoners following their release.

The available information indicates that the following political prisoners are being held in an incommunicado regime: Mikalai Statkevich, Maksim Znak, Ihar Losik, Siarhei Tsikhanouski, Viktar Babaryka, Aliaksandr Frantskevich, Andrei Novikau, and Uladzimir Kniha. This form of detention, which prohibits any communication with the outside world, represents a form of torture under the current conditions and contains signs of enforced disappearance. Maria Kalesnikava was allowed to see her father after spending more than 600 days incommunicado.

The political prisoners Aliaksandr Aranovich, Siarhei Kanavalau, Pavel Spiryn, Dzmitry Kazlou, and Ihar Karnei were charged under Article 411 of the Criminal Code based on multiple disciplinary sanctions imposed on prisoners. The trials were held in November, and the verdicts are still unknown to human rights defenders. Typically, the trials are conducted in camera on the premises of correctional facilities.

New politically motivated charges have been brought against Tsimur Khairulin, a former political prisoner who was released from prison at the conclusion of his sentence. He was previously charged with insulting a public officer (Article 369 of the Criminal Code). The court handed down a six-month prison sentence, after which the man was taken into custody in the courtroom.

It has been revealed that the court will deliberate on transferring political prisoner Siarhei Maushuk to a high-security prison.

Persecution of human rights defenders

Maria Rabkova and Andrei Chapiuk have been held captive for a period exceeding four years in connection with their human rights activities. Similarly, Nobel Peace Prize laureate Ales Bialiatski, human rights defenders Valiantsin Stefanovic, and Uladzimir Labkovich have been behind bars for over three years. Nasta Loika, a human rights activist working with Human Constanta, has spent two years in prison.

According to data available to Viasna human rights activists, more than 50 activists associated with independent trade unions and organizers of labor strikes at various workplaces were detained between September 2020 and 2024. Many have been prosecuted for their activities in defense of workers’ rights.

The Ministry of Internal Affairs has added Alena Masliukova, a Viasna human rights activist previously sentenced in absentia, to the List of Citizens of the Republic of Belarus, Foreign Citizens, and Stateless Persons Involved in Extremist Activities.

Furthermore, several human rights defenders were listed in the databases of wanted persons in Belarus and Russia.

November 15 marks the Day of the Imprisoned Writer. In 1981, PEN International designated this day to express support for incarcerated writers. Annually, national PEN centers and their international partners commemorate this day to highlight the unjust incarceration of writers in various countries. According to PEN Belarus’s calculations, at least 38 men and women of letters are in detention in Belarus. The total sentence handed down was 238 years of imprisonment or freedom restriction.

Torture, cruel, inhuman, degrading treatment

Since 2020, Viasna human rights defenders have registered more than 1,850 survivors of torture and other prohibited treatment. In the video produced by Viasna, Hanna, a student and activist, Artsiom Zadrutski, a former political prisoner in the “Zeltsar case,” and Yaraslau, convicted for the largest demonstration in Belarus’s history, discussed the use of torture and ill-treatment during detention and in Belarusian correctional facilities.

Human rights defenders receive detailed information from survivors of ill-treatment and arbitrary deprivation of liberty regarding the circumstances of the cases.

Former political prisoners have reported that the prison administration has arbitrarily restricted their ability to make up for the widespread lack of food by shopping in the commissary.

The report, entitled “How Survivors of Torture and/or Ill-treatment Perceive Justice,” was prepared by human rights activists from Viasna HRC and Legal Initiative. It focuses on how Belarusians who faced state violence during and after the 2020 mass protests perceive justice. The document is a unique three-part study of justice, including legal analysis, psychological aspects, and sociological data.

Twelve prominent human rights organizations have released an open letter expressing support for Lithuania’s referral to the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC). The letter calls on ICC member states to join Lithuania’s appeal to investigate crimes against humanity allegedly committed by the top leadership of the Lukashenka regime.

Degeneration of the Bar. Harassment of lawyers

The Bar continues to serve the interests of the regime. In an interview with the state news agency BelTA, Aliaksei Shvakau, chairman of the Belarusian Republican Bar Association, highlighted the legal work of lawyers in various enterprises and educational institutions on one of the “most pressing issues for the public” — the upcoming presidential election. He noted that “lawyers not only explain the basic norms of legislation but also draw attention to the responsibility of everyone for their vote.”

During the election period in Minsk, representatives of the Minsk City Bar Association are available to provide free consultations in the public reception offices of the Minsk city and district organizations of the Belaya Rus Association. When visiting the offices, “citizens are encouraged to express their support for Aliaksandr Lukashenka as a candidate for President of the Republic of Belarus by signing for him.”

During workplace awareness-raising activities, lawyers provided “guidance on the administrative and criminal responsibilities associated with violations of public order and security.”

During the three months of autumn 2024, the Qualification Commission under the Ministry of Justice terminated the licenses of four lawyers: A. Marozau, Yu. Marozau, M. Seviaryn, and E. Rozavaya.

The current situation at this pivotal institution of the state’s legal system is adversely impacting the rights of individuals requiring specialized legal counsel and robust protection of their rights. The loss of independence for the Bar has a detrimental impact on lawyers’ ability to manage professional risks, erode trust, encourage self-censorship, and ultimately lead to a decline in the overall professional standard.

Harassment of journalists and media workers

As of November 30, 36 journalists and media professionals have been incarcerated.

As of the end of November, it was announced that the Škloŭ District Court would commence proceedings on December 11 regarding a new criminal case of the imprisoned journalist and blogger Ihar Karnei. Karnei was sentenced to three years of imprisonment in March of this year. Judge Aliaksandr Tarakanau will consider the case. The journalist has been charged under Part 1, Article 411 of the Criminal Code (persistent disobedience to the demands of the prison administration). It has been confirmed that the Škloŭ Correctional Facility No. 17 administration has placed the journalist in the Secure Housing Unit on multiple occasions. Thus, he will be subjected to a criminal trial for violations the administration has already admonished him. The political prisoner faces another year of imprisonment.

Violation of the freedom of peaceful assembly. Suppression of freedom of expression

It is concerning that Belarus persists in failing to comply with international obligations to respect, protect, and ensure the realisation of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and expression. Protesters and dissidents are subjected to prosecution both in person and in absentia, with serious violations of fair trial standards.

On November 6, the Leninski Borough Court of Brest handed down sentences to Artur Trushko, Vadzim Kutasevich, and Alina Novikava under part 1 of Article 342 of the Criminal Code (active participation in actions that grossly violate public order). Judge Dzmitry Shuryn considered the case. Brest Regional Court published the verdict in a press release, as noted by the Brest Viasna chapter. The judge sentenced Artur Trushko and Vadzim Kutasevich to one year and six months each. Alina Novikava will be subject to two years of home confinement.

The Luniniec District Court held hearings on October 28 and 31 to consider the criminal case of Artur Molchan and Artur Kanapatski under Article 370 of the Criminal Code (desecration of a state symbol). Judge Sviatlana Bratanava found the defendants guilty and sentenced each to six months of imprisonment. The trial was conducted in an extramural session, with students from Polytechnic and Agrarian Colleges in attendance. Molchan and Kanapatski were immediately taken into custody. As reported by the Brest Viasna chapter, the men were convicted for removing the national flag from a store building in the agricultural settlement of Dziatlavičy in 2021 and subsequently burning it. 

On October 8, 46-year-old Aliaksandr Akakiyeu’s trial was held in Rahačoŭ District Court. He was accused of insulting A. Lukashenka (part 2 of Article 368 of the Criminal Code). The Homieĺ Viasna chapter has announced that Judge Iryna Pradun has handed down a one-year and six-month prison sentence to Aliaksandr.

Viasna HRC also presented an overview of the number of individuals convicted since 2020 for insulting and libeling A. Lukashenka and a detailed account of the most unconventional reasons for prosecution under these articles.

Persecution masquerading as combating extremism and terrorism

The legislation on tackling extremism and terrorism in Belarus is used exclusively for politically motivated persecution of citizens for the exercise of their civil and political rights. Furthermore, it is an instrument of state terror, in particular for the creation of formal prerequisites to justify arrests and prolonged imprisonment.

Including various entities in the List of Organizations, Formations, and Individual Entrepreneurs Involved in Extremist Activities provides the basis for pursuing legal action against individuals for their involvement in or contribution to these activities. In November, four items were added to the List. Over three years, 246 relevant decisions were made by the KGB and the Interior Ministry (the first decision dating back to September 21, 2021). Among the recently identified “extremist formations,” the “Order Neighborhood Coalition” stands out. The large-scale detentions that occurred in Belarus in late September, affecting at least 200 individuals, were allegedly connected with this group.

In November, 120 individuals, including 37 women, were added to the List of Citizens of the Republic of Belarus, Foreign Nationals or Stateless Persons Involved in Extremist Activities. The list of new names includes human rights activist Alena Masliukova, who has been convicted in absentia, and public activists Veranika Tsapkala and Volha Karach, who are described as serving their sentences. However, all three live abroad. There are currently a total of 4,714 names on the List. Individuals placed on the List for an extended period (the duration of the criminal record and five years after its expungement) are subject to limitations on their rights.

Following 107 court decisions, the Republican List of Extremist Materials has been updated to include Telegram channels, YouTube and TikTok channels, social media pages, and other sources and media outlets identified as extremist. The dissemination of “extremist materials,” usually broadly defined by Belarusian security services and courts, can result in detention or a substantial fine. This encompasses a wide range of actions that are not explicitly prohibited by law or may be subject to prosecution under the Administrative Violations Code. Sharing a few banned links on social media becomes grounds for indefinite administrative detention – consecutively for each of the saved or “circulated” links.

According to First Deputy Information Minister Andrei Kuntsevich, the List contains 6,565 materials and has been maintained and updated since September 2008. The Viasna Legal Service provided an analysis of how information products can be deemed extremist following a court decision.

Source: Human Rights Center "Viasna" 

Opening remarks by the Head of the National Anti-Crisis Management, Pavel Latushka at the side event "The Belarus Situation at the ICC: ICC Jurisdiction and the Need for State Party Support" held during the 23rd Session of the ICC Assembly of State Parties

December 2, 2024, The Hague

Dear Head of the International Representation of the Ministry of Foreign Justice of Lithuania Mr. Dzikovic, Representatives of ICC States Parties.

Dear organizers and speakers, dear guests, 

First and foremost, thank you for attracting attention to Belarus and the crimes committed by its authorities inside and outside of the country. I believe that this is the very first event ever dedicated to the Belarusian situation at the Assembly of States Parties to the International Criminal Court.

It has been 4 and a half years since Belarus became an arena of mass atrocities… 4 years of grave international crimes, such as mass torture, inhuman and degrading treatment, rapes and other forms of sexual violence, enforced disappearance, arbitrary imprisonment and murder…

All these atrocities occur in a climate of total impunity for the perpetrators.

The authorities in Minsk have created an awfully efficient machine for mass persecuting and repression of those perceived as "disloyal". This regime has developed and implemented a whole state policy of persecution, introducing  legislation aimed at discriminating against those perceived as disloyal in order to, as Aleksandr Lukashenko has repeatedly stated himself, to “clean the Belarusian society”.

The created atmosphere of fear, terror and persecution forced about 300,000 people to flee their homeland. This means every thirtieth resident left Belarus. They were simply left with no other choice. We consider all of them as victims of the crime of deportation, a crime against humanity.

However, the Belarusian authorities did not stop at expelling part of the population beyond the borders of Belarus; they have continued to persecute Belarusians abroad.  

Those abroad and in exile were subjected to:

• intimidation and threats of violence; 

• pressure and criminal persecution of relatives and friends;

• judicial harassment, namely persecution by means of politically motivated criminal cases, trials in absentia with no due process, seizure and confiscation of property; 

• deprivation of other fundamental rights.

We believe that these actions cumulatively amount to the crime against humanity of persecution, committed extraterritorially by high officials of the regime against Belarusians in exile.

Therefore, on September 30, Lithuania was the first country that, following the ideals of international justice, has exercised its right under Article 14 of the Rome Statute and referred the situation of transborder crimes against humanity of senior officials of the Lukashenko authorities to the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court.

One of the most important questions today is:

Will other countries join Lithuania's referral in the future?

Practice shows that other state parties joining the referral is important for the success of this process.

We therefore call on our partners - especially Poland and Latvia, who have provided a safe haven to the majority of Belarusian refugees - to join Lithuania’s courageous referral, strengthening these accountability efforts. And I truly believe that this excellent expert discussion today will provide the attendees with convincing arguments.  

I thank you!

Source: NAM

Belarus is a European country. Its people share the same values as those in Warsaw, Paris, and Berlin — freedom, dignity, and self-determination. The streets of Minsk, Hrodna, and Viciebsk echo the aspirations of countless Belarusians who risked their lives in 2020, protesting peacefully for a democratic future. They made their choice: they want Belarus to be a free and independent country.

Yet today, Belarus is at the crossroads. While supporting Ukraine, we must not forget about Belarus. Will it remain trapped under the thumb of a dictator serving Russia’s imperial ambitions? Or will it chart a new course toward Europe and democracy? This question is not just about the future of Belarus—it is also about the future of Europe itself. A democratic Belarus will be key to securing long-term peace and stability in Eastern Europe. 

EU support to the Belarusian people

Since 2020, the European Union has demonstrated its unwavering support to the Belarusian people. The EU has imposed several sanction packages on the Lukashenka regime, targeting those responsible for repression of opposition and civil society and human rights violations. These sanctions have hit key sectors of the Belarusian regime’s economy, which fuels both the repression at home and the criminal war against Ukraine.

The EU has also continued supporting the Belarusian people. It has provided over €140 million in assistance to Belarusian civil society, independent media, and human rights defenders. It has opened its doors to Belarusians fleeing persecution, offering visas and international protection to those in need. As of 2022, more than 400 000 Belarusian citizens reside in the EU. This support has been critical in keeping the democratic movement alive, even under brutal repression. In addition, the EU has pledged €3 billion for a peaceful democratic transition in the future.

What Needs to Be Done? 

The EU needs to maintain and strengthen this twofold policy: isolate the regime and support the Belarusian people.

• First, reinforce sanctions. Lukashenka’s regime is a direct accomplice in Russia’s war against Ukraine, allowing the Belarusian territory to be used for aggression. Sanctions are a tool to influence the regime’s behaviour. They should continue to target the architects of repression… The regime must be deprived of the resources it uses to maintain control and destabilize the region. We must also support accountability efforts to ensure that perpetrators do not go unpunished.

• Second, continue to support the Belarusian civil society and democratic forces. Human rights defenders, independent media, and democratic forces are the backbone of the country’s resistance. They need targeted assistance—financial, technical, political —to keep the flame of freedom alive. We must counter disinformation, support the families of the repressed, and strengthen initiatives that foster national identity. Russia’s attempts to erase Belarus’s identity, culture and language have to be countered. We also welcome the EU Parliament’s decision to sign a letter of cooperation with Belarusian democratic forces.

• Third, allow mobility for ordinary Belarusians. While closing doors to the regime, we must keep them open for the people of Belarus, especially those fleeing persecution. The mobility programs, in particular for young people, need to be expanded. Ordinary Belarusians should further be able to receive visas,  

• Fourth, free political prisoners. With more than 1,300 people behind bars—many held incommunicado for a long time—we must continue to unite our efforts for their release. Some are in critical condition and must be freed immediately. We must use all available tools, including sanctions and diplomatic efforts, not only to secure the release of all political prisoners but to end the repression altogether. 

A European Future for Belarus

Most importantly, we must show the Belarusian people a clear vision of a European future. Belarusians must know that one day, when they are ready, the door of the EU will be open to their country as well. 

The EU’s support for a democratic Belarus is more than just a moral commitment—it is a strategic necessity. A democratic Belarus would help secure peace and stability in the region, weaken Russia’s grip on Eastern Europe, and improve the security of  Europe as a whole.

The Time is Now

Belarus is not just a neighbouring country—it is part of our European story. The EU will remain steadfast in its support for the Belarusian people, and their aspirations for a democratic and independent Belarus as part of a peaceful and united Europe. 

By Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, Leader of Democratic Belarus, and Josep Borrell, High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs

Source: Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

On November 28, the District Court in Poznań ruled against the extradition of Belarusian activist Dmitry Pleskachev after determining that the request from the Lukashenka regime was politically motivated.

“Extradition would have been a blatant violation of international law. We are grateful to the Polish authorities for their consistent support in upholding democratic values and protecting the rights of Belarusians”, commented Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya’s Advisor on Legal Affairs, Leanid Marozau, following the court’s decision.

Notably, a representative of the Polish Public Prosecutor General’s Office also declared the extradition request from the Lukashenka regime unlawful.

The refusal to extradite Mr. Pleskachev was made possible by the coordinated efforts of the democratic forces of Belarus and the Polish lawyer representing Dmitry in court. Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya’s Office (OST) had been informed about the case in advance by the Representative for Social Issues of the United Transitional Cabinet, Volha Zazulinskaya, and the human rights organization Dissidentby. The OST’s Legal Team provided Dmitry with the necessary support and assistance and attended the court hearing.

Source: Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

The first session of strategic consultations between the government of Canada and the democratic forces of Belarus took place in Ottawa, resembling the Strategic Dialogue previously established with the United States. The decision to hold these consultations was made during Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya’s meeting with the Foreign Minister of Canada, Mélanie Joly.

The consultations will aim to:

📌 Develop joint positions and priorities for cooperation in key areas;

📌 Increase the efficiency of support programs and align them with the needs of Belarus’ civil society.

The first session focused on the following areas:

1. Politics, security, and political prisoners.

2. Democratization and support for Belarusian media.

3. Efforts to hold the regime accountable for crimes against humanity.

4. Non-recognition of the 2025 sham election.

Representing the Belarusian side were Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya and her Office, Vladzimir Astapenka of the United Transitional Cabinet, members of the National Anti-Crisis Management, BelPol, and Belarusian journalists from independent media outlets. The Canadian side was represented by government officials, including from the Foreign Ministry, as well as department directors specializing in sanctions and international justice.

Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya: “These consultations mark a new chapter in the relations between Belarus and Canada. Together, we will work toward the release of political prisoners, support for independent media, and a stronger Belarusian civil society. Next year, as Canada will assume the G7 Presidency, we hope that Belarus will remain a priority on the agenda”.

Source: Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

Vasil Verameichyk, a citizen of Belarus who formerly fought in the Kastus Kalinouski Regiment, has been extradited from Vietnam. Mr. Verameichyk participated in the 2020 protests in Belarus, after which he moved to Ukraine, where he served as the Deputy Commander of the Volat Battalion. In 2024, having completed his service, he was elected to the Coordination Council and co-founded the Association of Belarusian Veterans.

Vasil Verameichyk’s extradition is a direct consequence of the repressive policies pursued by the Lukashenka regime as it continues to target opponents and extend repression to the international level. Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya’s Office insists on the urgent need to strengthen international human rights mechanisms to protect not only Belarusians fleeing persecution but also the people defending Europe’s future by fighting alongside Ukraine.

We call on the international community to:

• Revise approaches to processing applications for international protection, focusing on an individualized analysis of each case;

• Sever cooperation with the law enforcement agencies of the Republic of Belarus;

• Suspend bilateral agreements on extradition and legal assistance with the Republic of Belarus.

Given the potential operations of the Lukashenka regime’s security services, we strongly urge all Belarusians living abroad to exercise extreme caution and vigilance. To minimize the risk of your extradition, consult the website pashpart.org and verify which countries may be unsafe for Belarusians facing persecution by the regime.

Source: Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

During her visit to Vienna, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya attended an event hosted by the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, which brought together ambassadors and diplomats representing OSCE member states, as well as members of parliamentary groups “For a Democratic Belarus”.

Ms. Tsikhanouskaya addressed key issues concerning Belarus that the OSCE should keep on its agenda:

• Regional security

“There will be no lasting peace in the region without a democratic Belarus. If the Lukashenka regime’s rule had ended in 2020, the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by Russia might not have happened. Thus, the struggle for change in Belarus is not just a domestic issue”.

• Belarus on Europe’s map

“Our independence and existence are under threat. Negotiations to end the war in Ukraine might begin soon. I fear that Belarus could be handed over to Putin as a consolation prize”.

• No going back to ‘business as usual’ with the regime

“On January 26, Lukashenka will hold a so-called ‘election’, with no real candidates, no vote counting, and no observers. Former candidates remain imprisoned, alongside thousands of other Belarusians. Hundreds of thousands are in exile and deprived of their voting rights. After this farce, the Western policy toward Belarus must remain unchanged”.

• OSCE mediation for the transitional period

“We have developed a contingency plan, including what actions we will take and what the international community should do when a window of opportunity opens. The democratic forces will be ready to steer Belarus onto a European path of development. But this will require OSCE mediation and support”.

Source: Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

During her visit to Estonia, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya met with the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Margus Tsahkna, Minister of Education and Research, Kristina Kallas, Minister of Culture, Heidy Purga, and Minister of the Interior, Lauri Läänemets.  

With the Minister of the Interior, Lauri Läänemets, Ms. Tsikhanouskaya discussed the following issues:  

• Legalization of stay issues faced by Belarusians in Estonia;  

• Draft guidelines for migration authorities in Estonia on handling Belarusian cases;  

• Visas and residence permits for students;  

• Alien's passports.  

Discussions with the Minister of Education, Kristina Kallas, focused on:  

• Additional scholarships for Belarusian students;  

• Possible Belarusian language and history classes in some Tallinn schools;  

• A potential hall named after Anton Luckievich, the first Prime Minister of the Belarusian Democratic Republic, who studied at the University of Tartu.  

With the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Margus Tsahkna, Ms. Tsikhanouskaya discussed:

• The so-called “presidential election” in Belarus. Estonia has preemptively declared it will not recognize the campaign;  

• Support for Lithuania’s referral of the Lukashenka regime’s crimes against humanity to the International Criminal Court;  

• Increased pressure on the regime, including comprehensive sanctions for human rights violations;  

• Support for the democratic forces of Belarus;  

• Contributions to the International Humanitarian Fund. The Estonian authorities have committed to allocating funds to support political prisoners in Belarus.  

With the Minister of Culture, Heidy Purga, discussions covered:  

• Translation of Belarusian literature into Estonian;  

• Joint cultural events;  

• Support programs for Belarusian actors and students;  

• An exhibition by Vladimir Tsesler in Estonia.  

Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya also presented the Cross of Good Neighborhood – the highest award of the democratic forces of Belarus – to Estonia’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, Margus Tsahkna. 

Source: Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

The next presidential elections in Belarus, which will be held on January 26, 2025, are accompanied by traditional repression. Armed security forces invade the homes of dozens of people every day. People are brutally detained; some are beaten and tortured. The situation before the new elections is only getting worse. At least 1,213 political administrative cases were heard in the courts from September to mid-November. The vast majority of trials were related to "spreading extremist materials." Mass detentions are taking place all over Belarus, even in small towns. Viasna reports how the authorities are "cleansing" the country of "extremists" before the 2025 elections. 

Preventive "cleansing" of activists before the elections is a traditional practice of the regime. But now those who read independent media even if the news article concerns health, listen to Belarusian "extremist" bands, or express solidarity with political prisoners are persecuted. The brutal repression has not stopped for a single day since the start of the election campaign in 2020, but now the situation is only getting worse. Viasna human rights defenders analyzed how, compared with the summer months, the number of political trials in administrative cases increased in September, October, and the first half of November.

In total, over the past two and a half months, human rights defenders have recorded 1,452 cases of repression (detentions, searches, administrative trials, etc.). During this period, Belarusian judges heard 1,213 cases under Article 19.11 of the Administrative Code (distribution of extremist materials) and Article 24.23 of the Administrative Code (unauthorized picketing): 488 in September, 537 in October, and 188 in the first two weeks of November. At the same time, only 975 cases were heard during the three summer months. We note that all the figures may be significantly higher because human rights defenders do not have all the information about the repression.

There are more cases of persecution in the regions of Belarus than in Minsk. Thus, the most repressive region is Homieĺ — at least 337 people were convicted administratively. At least 98 people were sentenced in Rečyca alone. Brest region is in second place. At least 278 trials occurred there, most of which were heard in Brest. It is there that those who are detained at the border upon their return to Belarus are tried. In addition, residents of Baranavičy are also being tried en masse — 56 cases. Numerous cases are also heard in Barysaŭ, Vaŭkavysk, Hlybokaje, Dobrush, Žlobin, Liepieĺ, Mazyr, Navapolack, Orša, Pinsk, and other cities.

During the last known mass raid by security forces on October 31 and November 1, several dozen people were detained throughout Belarus. KGB officers came to people as part of criminal proceedings initiated under Article 357 of the Criminal Code (conspiracy or other actions committed with the aim of seizing state power). It is known that some detainees were questioned about neighborhood chats. On November 4, the KGB recognized some neighborhood chats as "extremist formations" — presumably, this was the reason for the mass detentions.

If you have faced politically motivated persecution, have been convicted in an administrative or criminal case, or have been prosecuted in a temporary detention facility, please inform human rights defenders via Telegram @Viasnainfo. Help us record all the facts of repression to show the world the scale of the human rights disaster in Belarus!

Source: Human Rights Center "Viasna" 

Belarusians living abroad have faced significant challenges in renewing their documents since the Łukašenka regime ceased consular services in September 2023. This decision forced thousands into a difficult position, as returning to Belarus for document renewal posed risks of repression, social media scrutiny, and potential criminal prosecution for opposition-related activities.

Efforts by the People’s Embassies of Belarus to negotiate with foreign governments have begun to provide solutions. Recent reports from Sweden and Austria confirm the first known cases of Belarusians being issued alien passports—an important step in addressing this ongoing issue.

Sweden: First Documented Case of Alien Passport Issuance

In March 2024, the Swedish Migration Agency introduced a policy allowing Belarusians officially residing in Sweden to obtain alien passports instead of returning to Belarus to renew their documents. The decision aimed to protect those fearing repression in their homeland.

Although the policy has been in effect since spring, the first documented case of a Belarusian receiving an alien passport in Sweden was reported this week. The People’s Embassy of Belarus in Sweden hopes this case will encourage more eligible individuals to use this opportunity, highlighting the system’s potential effectiveness.

Austria: Two Confirmed Cases of Alien Passport Issuance

In Austria, two Belarusians have now received alien passports—the first reported cases of their kind in the country. Previously, Belarusians could renew their passports at the Belarusian embassy or, in rare cases, apply for refugee status if they could prove persecution. With consular services no longer available, Austria has started issuing alien passports to those who can demonstrate risk in returning to Belarus.

Austrian authorities have clarified that applying for international protection is not a prerequisite for receiving an alien passport. While applicants must prove the danger of returning to Belarus, the process for alien passports is less intensive than that for refugee status. Initial rejections are possible, but applicants are encouraged to appeal, with the People’s Embassy of Belarus in Austria providing advisory support.

A Positive Development for Belarusians Abroad

While there may have been undocumented cases earlier, these first known examples in Sweden and Austria show that alien passports are a viable solution for Belarusians unable to renew their documents. The People’s Embassies in both countries continue to advocate for expanded access to these passports, especially for groups such as students or those who have lived abroad for fewer than five years.

For further assistance, contact:

 • Sweden: sweden@belarusabroad.org

 • Austria: austria@belarusabroad.org

Source: People's Embassies of Belarus

Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya: “Raman Bandarenka died four years ago – and I clearly remember that day. The horror and outrage over this tragedy resonated in the hearts of every Belarusian. Raman’s murder is not a sorrow borne by one family; it is a shared pain that we all carry within us.

What happened that night, sadly, is not an isolated crime. People have vanished without a trace in Belarus for decades as the regime took revenge on them. In the 1990s, it eliminated politicians, military officers, activists, and journalists brave enough to speak the truth. They took their lives simply because they dared to challenge the dictatorship and stand up to Lukashenka. Sadly, the regime and its accomplices still essentially rely on violence to retain power.

Every day, we witness new arrests and political persecution and hear harrowing stories of imprisonment and torture. Repression never stopped; it has become a terrifying part of daily life, continuing to rob the freedom and lives of those who dare to defend their beliefs. Every political prisoner, every victim of the regime, represents a shattered family, grieving parents, spouses, and children. In the past four years alone, the regime has killed or tortured to death at least 18 people.

We cannot forget the people who have died because of the regime’s persecution. This memory is not only about the past but also a reminder that these crimes persist. We must seek justice and do everything possible to prevent such tragedies from happening again”.

Source: Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

Summary:

• Arbitrary repression of political opponents of the regime and dissidents persists in Belarus. Furthermore, the level of criminal and related administrative prosecution remains unacceptably high. There has been an alarming increase in arbitrary detentions with features and signs of enforced disappearances in the lead-up to the announced presidential elections. The possibility of politically motivated criminal prosecution at various levels poses an imminent threat to all individuals who have engaged in protests or expressed criticism of the prevailing political circumstances in the country or of regime officials. Those who have expressed their views in a non-violent manner or assisted protest groups, and occasionally their family members and loved ones, are also at risk.

• Since the summer of 2020, the human rights community has identified some 3,600 individuals as political prisoners, 656 of whom are women. As of October 2024, Belarus had 1,299 political prisoners, including 168 women. The human rights community recognized 35 people as political prisoners during that month. A further 13 former political prisoners were identified as requiring rehabilitation due to the lack of prior awareness of their identities among human rights activists.

• The Viasna Human Rights Center has several members serving sentences in correctional facilities. These include Nobel Peace Prize winner Ales Bialiatski, vice-president of the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) Valiantsin Stefanovic, Uladzimir Labkovich, Marfa Rabkova, volunteer Andrei Chapiuk, and Human Constanta human rights activist Nasta Loika.

• Multiple individuals imprisoned for political reasons have been held incommunicado for an extended period. Maryia Kalesnikava, Viktar Babaryka, Mikalai Statkevich, Siarhei Tsikhanouski, and others have been deprived of contact with the outside world and fellow inmates for over a year. Their situation is in line with the definition of an enforced disappearance, which is a violation of international law.

• The arbitrary repression of citizens for exercising their civil rights persists. In October, Viasna received information about at least 366 cases of politically motivated repression resulting in criminal and administrative prosecutions, with at least 246 administrative cases being considered by courts.

• In October, the human rights organization Viasna updated the status of politically motivated criminal prosecutions in September. The report indicates that the number of trials related to these cases is increasing. According to preliminary data, at least 170 people were sentenced in September, including 124 men and 46 women. Nearly a third of the convicts are located in Minsk. The Brest region leads with 44 sentences. Almost half of those convicted were prosecuted for participating in protests in 2020.

• The authorities expand the lists of individuals and groups engaged in extremist and terrorist activities, as well as extremist materials. This approach represents an additional, often non-judicial, arbitrary restriction of the rights and freedoms of citizens.

• Viasna human rights defenders still regularly register and document instances of torture and prohibited treatment during politically motivated criminal investigations, as well as in administrative proceedings. The same applies to persecution and imprisonment on political grounds. Detainees are also deprived of adequate medical care.

• On October 23, the House of Representatives set January 26, 2025 as the date for the presidential election. The Human Rights Defenders for Free Elections campaign announced the launch of an expert observation mission.

• On October 31, a wave of mass arrests and searches took place throughout Belarus. This appears to be a planned intimidation action before the election. The law enforcement agencies mainly target those previously detained for protest-related actions. There are known cases of harsh arrests using unjustified force.

• Anaïs Maren presented her final report as Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Belarus at the 35th plenary meeting of the Third Committee of the 79th session of the UN General Assembly.

• At the OSCE Human Dimension Conference, Ukrainian and Belarusian human rights activists presented a joint report entitled "Stolen Childhood: How the Belarusian Regime is Erasing Ukrainian Children's Identity through Displacement, Re‑education, and Militarization." This joint effort was made possible by the collaboration of Freedom House, the Human Rights Center ZMINA, the Regional Center for Human Rights, and the Viasna Human Rights Center, with the support of BELPOL. In mid-September, the report's authors submitted the relevant documentation to the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague. They are now requesting that the governments of the Rome Statute member states take legal action and provide evidence of the involvement of the Russian and Belarusian authorities in the displacement of children from Ukraine in court.

Politically motivated prosecution. Political prisoners

As of October 31, 1,299 detained individuals were imprisoned for political reasons, including 168 women. 31 political prisoners have critical health conditions that are incompatible with their imprisonment. More than 40 of the political prisoners are older people.

At the end of October, the number of former political prisoners was 2,326, including 488 women. Viasna shared the stories of some women political prisoners.

In total, at least 7,450 people are known to have been victims of politically motivated prosecutions. Politically motivated convictions were handed down to at least 6,050 people.

In October, the human rights community recognized 35 people as political prisoners. Moreover, the human rights community recognized 13 people's deprivation of freedom as arbitrary and called for their rehabilitation.

The human rights violations against political prisoners are not limited to the arbitrary deprivation of freedom in penitentiaries. In addition to this, they are subjected to further selective repression and persecution in the places of detention.

Viasna human rights activists have received confirmation that a citizen of the Russian Federation, Dmitri Shletgauer, died in the Mahilioŭ Correctional Facility No. 15. Preliminary information indicates that the incident occurred on October 11, 2024. He had been in the facility for a little less than a month. The exact cause of death is pending confirmation. In the summer, he was sentenced to 12 years of imprisonment for "espionage" (Article 358 of the Criminal Code) and "promoting extremist activity" (part 1 of Article 361-4 of the Criminal Code). This is the seventh political prisoner to die while incarcerated.

Since February-March 2023, political prisoners Maryia Kalesnikava, Viktar Babaryka, Mikalai Statkevich, Siarhei Tsikhanouski, Maksim Znak, Ihar Losik and Uladzimir Kniha have been held incommunicado. There have also been reports that political prisoner Aliaksandr Aranovich has been in total isolation for almost five months. Such incommunicado detention is recognized as torture and has the characteristics of enforced disappearance.

One of the tools used to persecute political prisoners was the arbitrary extension of prison sentences, mainly through the imposition of new terms of imprisonment under Article 411 of the Criminal Code for minor, forced, or provoked disciplinary violations while serving their sentences.

In October, it was revealed that Volha Mayorava was tried in March 2024 in the Čyhunačny District Court of Homieĺ under Part 2 of Article 411 of the Criminal Code (persistent disobedience to the lawful demands of the prison administration). The judge, Hanna Sakalova, convicted her and condemned her to another year and six months in prison in addition to her outstanding sentence of 20 years in prison. Volha is currently incarcerated at the Correctional Facility No. 24 in Zarečča, designated explicitly for repeat offenders.

The court has once again considered Viktoryia Kulsha's case under Article 411 of the Criminal Code. In June 2021, under Article 342 of the Criminal Code, Kulsha was sentenced to two and a half years of imprisonment, with release scheduled for early 2023.

For the third time, Palina Sharenda-Panasiuk has been sentenced to an additional year of imprisonment for persistent disobedience to prison administration in accordance with Article 411 of the Criminal Code. Her term, imposed by the court in June 2021, was due to expire in early fall 2022. However, the political prisoner has been arbitrarily held in a correctional facility for repeat offenders since then. The prisoner has been subjected to punishment cells, prohibition of care packages and visits from relatives, including her children, and failure to provide medical care.

Yury Ziankovich has been sentenced to 13.5 years of imprisonment for making statements that incite actions against the national security of the Republic of Belarus, insulting a government official, conspiring to seize power through unconstitutional means, creating an extremist organization, and inciting hatred or discord. Furthermore, under Article 411 of the Criminal Code, the court has ordered an additional two years of incarceration.

Mikalai Dziadok has been kept in a punishment cell for four months. As his incarceration period draws to a close, a criminal case has been initiated against him under Article 411 of the Criminal Code.

It has been revealed that YouTube vlogger Ruslan Linnik, who was sentenced to imprisonment on charges of committing several defamation offenses, has not been released from custody following the completion of his sentence. This is likely attributable to the filing of new charges.

It is a common practice to transfer political prisoners to more restrictive facilities. These facilities typically involve locked cells with minimal contact with the outside world, reduced meal rations, and limited transfers and visits.

Regarding Dzmitry Ivanchanka, the court initiated proceedings to consider the facility administration's request for his transfer to a high-security prison.

Persecution in penal institutions manifests itself in confinement to punishing cells and the Secure Housing Unit. In the punishment cell, prisoners have no contact with the outside world, no personal belongings, no walks, and no opportunity to write, send and receive letters, read, or engage in paid work. In the SHU, inmates are kept in locked cells and have one short walk per day.

At the end of September, the administration of Correctional Facility No. 14 put political prisoner Dzmitry Rezanovich in the SHU for six months. Previously, he spent some time in the punishment cell.

Human rights activists view the restriction of freedom in an open-type correctional facility as a form of deprivation of freedom. This involves convicts spending all their free time on facility premises, complying with the administration's demands, and adhering to facility regulations. If the rules are violated, disciplinary action may be taken, including more severe confinement in a segregation unit. Moreover, restricted freedom sentence may be converted to imprisonment for multiple disciplinary violations. Prisoners are also obliged to sign an employment contract with an employer chosen by the administration of the institution, often under unfavorable conditions; in fact, disenfranchised prisoners are subject to brutal exploitation.

There are reports of increased pressure on former political prisoners, both those who have served sentences of imprisonment and those who have served sentences of restriction of freedom: they are issued official warnings (a sanction) and warned of responsibility for violently changing the constitutional order, seizing or maintaining state power by unconstitutional means. Furthermore, for numerous former political convicts who did not complete their sentences and left the country, the initial home confinement sentence is subsequently converted to a prison sentence.

Law enforcement agencies are continuing their policy of intimidating individuals facing politically motivated persecution. This is done to prevent information about the persecution from being shared with human rights defenders and independent media.

The persecution of relatives of political prisoners and other individuals for supporting political prisoners persists. Following the designation of INeedHelpBY as an extremist formation, numerous individuals affiliated with the initiative, along with other supporters of political prisoners, faced persecution. As of the end of October, it was known of 34 detainees in this criminal case, 32 of whom were women. Ten women and one man were given prison sentences ranging from three to five years.

The UN experts addressed another letter to the Belarusian authorities, expressing concern over continuing reports of ill-treatment in places of detention and unjustified and disproportionate restrictions on the human rights of former prisoners, according to the organization's website. They called on the government to provide information on the health condition, fate, and whereabouts of several prisoners, to investigate reports of ill-treatment in places of detention, and to pardon or shorten the vulnerable prisoners' sentences.

Persecution of human rights defenders 

Nasta Loika, a human rights defender working with Human Constanta, has been held in captivity for two years. She was sentenced to seven years in prison in a closed trial for her involvement in the preparation of the 2017 report, "Persecution of Anarchists, Antifascists, Leftists and Social Activists in Belarus (2017-August 2018)."

Marfa Rabkova and Andrei Chapiuk have been held captive for a period exceeding four years in connection with their human rights activities with Viasna HRC. Similarly, Nobel Peace Prize laureate Ales Bialiatski, Valiantsin Stefanovic, and Uladzimir Labkovich have been behind bars for over three years.

Viasna human rights activist Alena Masliukova was sentenced in absentia to three years in prison. Viasna issued a statement calling for the overturn of the sentence and an end to the criminal prosecution of the human rights defender. The statement also demanded an end to the criminal prosecution of human rights defenders for exercising their right to freedom of expression and activities in defense of rights and freedoms. Furthermore, it called for Belarus to align its anti-extremist and criminal procedural legislation with its international human rights obligations.

Torture, cruel, inhuman, degrading treatment

The UN Committee against Torture has published an annual report that presents the findings of an investigation into Belarus initiated by the Viasna Human Rights Center.

Former political prisoner Dzmitry Kaneuski, who was sentenced for a single comment in the Telegram chatroom "Homel Sovietski 97," has been compelled to leave Belarus upon release, fearing another reprisal. Dzmitry provided Viasna with details regarding his experience of persecution and the conditions of his incarceration at Correctional Facility No. 22 in Ivacevičy. Before the trial, Kaneuski was detained for nearly eight months at the Homieĺ pre-trial detention center, where he endured flagrant conditions: peeling walls, cold, dirty, and smelly cells. During his time at the correctional facility, he was subjected to physical abuse and regularly placed in the punishment cell and SHU.

On October 21, Brest Regional Court commenced proceedings against 41-year-old Vital Chopik, who was detained seven months ago for attending politically motivated trials. After the arrest, the man was taken to hospital with signs of severe beating. He is now facing charges under Part 1 and Part 2 of Article 361-4 of the Criminal Code (promoting extremist activity) and Article 342 of the Criminal Code (participating in actions that grossly violate public order).

In the fall of 2021, Natallia Kukishava, a political prisoner from Orša, was detained by KGB officers in connection with the "Andrei Zeltsar case." Ultimately, she was incarcerated for two years for making two brief critical comments about Lukashenka. After completing her sentence, the woman informed Viasna about the mistreatment of women in Belarusian prisons, including the inhumane and degrading conditions they face while awaiting trial and serving their sentences in the correctional facility.

Those detained on account of "extremist" administrative charges continue to be held in conditions that are a source of significant distress and concern. These conditions include overcrowded cells, unsanitary conditions, and a lack of bedding, clothing, and hygiene products. As a former detainee of the Minsk Temporary Detention Center noted, due to cell overcrowding, detainees have to sleep on metal bunk beds, which cause bruising, and on the floor and other surfaces in the cells. She noticed that bedbugs bit the women who slept on the floor which caused an allergic reaction. She also described the lack of quality medical care during a rotavirus infection in the cell. Several female detainees lost consciousness, but the administration of the institution did not take any action in response.

Violation of the right to life. Death penalty

October 10 is the International Day Against the Death Penalty.

In advance of this day, Viasna prepared an interview with Andrei Paluda, the coordinator of the campaign "Human Rights Defenders Against the Death Penalty," and a review of cases over the past 10 years that ended with the death penalty. Aleh Matskevich, a human rights defender with Viasna, presented new arguments in favor of abolishing the death penalty in light of recent developments and challenges globally. 

Fair trial

The Belarusian courts continue to be a source of repression and politically motivated verdicts. 

The current appellate, cassation, and supervisory appeal processes are ineffective in addressing politically motivated sentences due to inherent limitations in ensuring an independent and impartial review.

It is important to note that trials on "persistent disobedience to prison administration" (Art. 411 of the Criminal Court) are conducted in a manner that clearly violates fair trial standards. All such cases are heard in proceedings that are, in effect, closed to the public, with inadequate safeguards for the rights of the accused. On October 31, the trial of political prisoner Viktoryia Kulsha was held. Judge Stanislau Ivaniutsenka presided over the trial, having previously, on October 15, sentenced another political prisoner with serious health problems, Palina Sharenda-Panasiuk, to one year of imprisonment on the same charge.

Special proceedings at the investigative stage and in absentia proceedings are utilized extensively for politically motivated prosecutions. For example, following an unsuccessful appeal, a sentence handed in absentia has taken effect against 20 researchers, journalists, and political scientists. They are accused in the "case of Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya's analysts," and the charges relate to "extremism," "seizure of power by unconstitutional means," and other offenses. Following the implementation of the sentence, the KGB included the defendants on the List of Organizations and Individuals Involved in Terrorist Activities.

The Belarusian authorities have continued to take action that undermines the institute of independent attorneyship and has resulted in the persecution of individual members of the legal profession. Since 2020, 141 lawyers have had their licenses arbitrarily revoked, 88 lawyers have faced politically motivated persecution, and 23 have been arbitrarily detained. To date, seven lawyers recognized by the human rights community as political prisoners are currently incarcerated: Maksim Znak, Vital Brahinets, Aliaksandr Danilevich, Anastasia Lazarenka, Yulia Yurhilevich, Aliaksei Barodka, and Natallia Burakouskaya.

Harassment of journalists and media workers

Belarus is currently the most challenging environment for journalists in Europe, ranking 167thout of 180 countries in the 2024 World Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders (RSF).

As of October 31, 36 journalists and media workers had been incarcerated. The number of detainees has increased compared with the data for September (33 persons). Thus, there has been no decrease in the repression of journalists with the release of media workers under the amnesty/pardon.

In October, journalist Ihar Ilyash, husband of political prisoner and journalist Katsiaryna Bakhvalava, who was twice arbitrarily sentenced for her professional activities, was detained. Pro-government Telegram channels published his photo and a penitential video. At the end of October, Ihar was charged and transferred to the pre-trial detention center.

On October 25, the Supreme Court considered the appeal of journalist and human rights activist Uladzimir Khilmanovich, who was found guilty in absentia of "promoting extremist activity" and "participating in an extremist formation." The verdict was upheld, and the appeal was dismissed.

The List Of Belarusian Citizens, Foreign Nationals, and Stateless Persons Engaged in Extremist Activities is expanding. This includes media personnel. Accordingly, on October 11, the Ministry of Internal Affairs added Yauhen Hlushkou and Aliaksandr Sabaleuski to the List.

Violation of the freedom of peaceful assembly. Suppression of freedom of expression

The state has failed to comply with its international obligations to respect, protect, and ensure the realization of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and expression.

In October, at least 34 criminal prosecutions have been initiated under articles 342 (participation in actions that grossly violate public order), 369 (insulting a public officer), and 368 (insulting the President of the Republic of Belarus) of the Criminal Code.

As reported by the Brest Viasna chapter, six individuals were tried in Brest on October 23 and 24 for their involvement in the August 10, 2020 protest. The individuals in question are Andrei Karchaha, Iryna Saroka, Taisia Litsvinava, Siarhei Piatruchyk, Dzmitry Bulanau, and Valery Maroz. 

The Leninski District Court of Brest considered the criminal case against Siarhei Nichyparuk, Aliaksandr Klimashevich, and Yauhen Bychko on October 7-9, 2024. All defendants were charged under Part 1 of Article 342 of the Criminal Code. On August 10, 2020, in Brest, they "engaged in disorderly conduct, shouted slogans and demonstrated white-red-white flags, obstructed the movement of vehicles, and impeded the normal functioning of businesses." The court determined that the defendants' actions constituted a flagrant breach of public order. The court has handed down a sentence of one to one and a half years of imprisonment. As a result of the ongoing investigation, the identities of approximately 61 individuals who were sentenced under Article 342 of the Criminal Code for their involvement in the protests in Brest on August 10, 2020, have been established. Most of the accused are sentenced to imprisonment.

Both in-person and in absentia prosecutions of protesters and dissenters result in severe violations of fair trial standards.

On October 4, Aliaksandr Yatsenka was convicted in absentia in the Leninski District Court of Mahilioŭ. The individual was found guilty of insulting a public officer (Art. 369 of the Criminal Code) and sentenced to two years of imprisonment. It is known that Aliaksandr Yatsenka was tried for comments about police officers.

Bazhena Zholudz, a 25-year-old activist from Rečyca, has been sentenced in absentia to five years of imprisonment. The woman's trial was held on October 2 in the Mahilioŭ Regional Court. The trial was conducted in camera by Judge Siarhei Mazurau. Bazhena has been found guilty of three offenses: "illegal handling of information about private life and personal data" (Article 203-1 of the Criminal Code), "calls for sanctions" (part 3 of Article 361 of the Criminal Code), and "insulting a judge" (Article 391 of the Criminal Code).

On October 11, Zhanna Avramchyk was convicted by Salihorsk District Court under part 1 of Article 368 of the Criminal Code for insulting A. Lukashenka and Article 369 for insulting a public officer.

On October 21, Minsk City Court found Alena Barysiuk guilty of incitement to social hatred under part 1 of Article 130 of the Criminal Code. Judge Mikhail Makarevich sentenced Alena to two years and six months of imprisonment. Students from different universities were brought to the announcement of the verdict. Alena was accused of making comments about Lukashenka, the police, and participants in the war in Ukraine. Barysiuk was previously convicted on a political charge. In the spring of 2023, she was sentenced to one year and six months of restricted freedom for leaving a comment under a photo of a police officer.

Within one week, from October 21 to 25, 11 trials were held for insulting A. Lukashenka (Article 368 of the Criminal Code). Since 2020, at least 950 people have been convicted for this offense (including in combination with other politically motivated charges). 

On October 4, the trial of 48-year-old environmental activist Stanislau Taspayeu began at the Miadzieĺ District Court. He is charged with "discrediting Belarus" (Article 369-1 of the Criminal Code) and "repeatedly violating the order of organizing or holding mass events" (Article 342-2 of the Criminal Code). Judge Aliaksandr Shutko is considering the case. In 2021, Stanislau had already been sentenced to restricted freedom for political reasons. In May, he was tried for "unauthorized picketing." It is known that Stanislau has a disability. Previously, he was diagnosed with oncology, but recently, the man went into remission.

On October 25, two families—the Petrashkeviches (Larysa and Aleh) and the Kuprienkas (Siarhei and Yulia)—were charged in the Frunzienski District Court of Minsk for their participation in the protests.

Viasna data show that at least 2,740 individuals have been convicted under Article 342 of the Criminal Code since 2020.

The Viasna Human Rights Center has released its findings regarding the total number of detentions in the third quarter of 2024. According to their data, there were 1,221 cases of politically motivated repression in Belarus from July 1 to September 30. These include searches, summonses for interrogations, trials, and other forms of prosecution. Of those, 360 were detentions. However, these numbers could be much higher because human rights activists do not have all the information on repression. The most commonly referenced article is 19.11 of the Administrative Violations Code, which pertains to the distribution of extremist materials. At least 380 individuals were convicted of this violation over three months.

Persecution masquerading as combating extremism and terrorism

Legislation designed to combat extremism and terrorism is being employed by the Lukashenka regime as a means of politically motivated persecution of political opponents and dissidents, to impede their ability to exercise their civil and political rights.

Including various entities in the List of Organizations, Formations, and Individual Entrepreneurs Involved in Extremist Activities provides the basis for pursuing legal action against individuals for their involvement in or contribution to these activities. In October, four items were added to the List of Extremist Formations. Over three years, 243 relevant decisions were made by the KGB and the Interior Ministry (the first decision dating back to September 21, 2021). The recently designated "extremist formations" include the non-formal and civic education organizations ABF It Is Great to Be Active and School of Leadership, as well as the International Committee for the Investigation of Torture, a project of the human rights organization Legal Initiative. The International Committee, in collaboration with Viasna, is responsible for documenting and investigating crimes against humanity related to the 2020 post-election protests within the International Accountability Platform for Belarus (IAPB).

In October, 118 individuals, including 38 women, were added to the List of Citizens of the Republic of Belarus, Foreign Nationals or Stateless Persons Involved in Extremist Activities. There are currently 4,494 names on the List. Individuals placed on the List for an extended period (the duration of the criminal record and five years after its expungement) are subject to limitations on their rights.

Following 121 court decisions, the Republican List of Extremist Materials has been updated to include Telegram channels, YouTube and TikTok channels, social media pages, and other sources and media identified as extremist.

In October, for instance, several Telegram channels and bots associated with initiatives that assisted detainees and their relatives following the 2020 protests were designated as "extremist."

The dissemination of "extremist materials," broadly defined by Belarusian security services and courts, can result in detention or a substantial fine. This encompasses a wide range of actions that are not explicitly prohibited by law or may be subject to prosecution under the Administrative Violations Code.

Source: Human Rights Center "Viasna" 

During her working visit to Strasbourg, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya met with the Secretary General of the Council of Europe, Alain Berset, and the President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), Theodoros Rousopoulos. The Belarusian leader also spoke at the World Forum for Democracy.

The discussions covered:

• ways to secure the release of political prisoners and support them;

• steps to enhance Belarusians’ mobility through visa issuance and streamlined legalization procedures;

• non-recognition of the regime’s 2025 “election” by European partners;

• support for culture and independent media in Belarus;

• steps to advance cooperation between Belarus’ democratic forces and civil society and Council of Europe bodies.

As a result of the visit:

• The Council of Europe will establish the Information Office for Belarus in Vilnius. On November 6, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe voted in favor of this decision, with a final vote in the Lithuanian Seimas expected soon.

• An internship program for Belarusians within the Council of Europe will be launched, which is unprecedented since Belarus is not a formal member state.

• In late January, a Belarus delegation will officially participate in a PACE session for the first time. It will include the Coordination Council members.

• The Council of Europe’s Contact Group for the democratic forces of Belarus will continue its activities, with the next meeting scheduled for December 2.

• The Contact Group will organize training, internships, seminars, and expert meetings for Belarusian journalists, activists, human rights defenders, and analysts.

Source: Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

The National Anti-Crisis Management (NAM) welcomes the open letter from 12 human rights organizations and the International Accountability Platform for Belarus in support of Lithuania’s referral to the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) regarding crimes against humanity committed by senior leadership of the Lukashenko regime.

Human rights advocates have indicated that, in accordance with their mandates, they will provide the relevant evidence and information collected in support of the preliminary examination to the ICC Prosecutor’s Office and to ICC member states, and they confirm their readiness to support similar investigations. The signatories are calling on other ICC member states to join Lithuania’s request for an investigation into the alleged crimes against humanity committed by Lukashenko and members of his regime.

Representing the interests of Belarusian civil society, the NAM led efforts to prepare materials for Lithuania’s Ministry of Justice, which formed the basis of the evidence submitted to the ICC Prosecutor’s Office. Documentation of alleged crimes against Belarusian civilians has been gathered. Based on the submitted materials, Lithuanian authorities reached a clear conclusion: there is sufficient basis to believe that Lukashenko and his accomplices are committing transnational crimes against humanity. On September 30, 2024, the Lithuanian government, having supplemented this information with international expertise, submitted the relevant documentation to the ICC Prosecutor’s Office to initiate an investigation.

The open letter to ICC member states in support of Lithuania’s referral was signed by the following organizations:

• DIGNITY — Danish Institute Against Torture

• European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR)

• International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH)

• Human Constanta

• International Accountability Platform for Belarus (IAPB)

• International Bar Association’s Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI)

• International Committee for the Investigation of Torture in Belarus

• International Partnership for Human Rights (IPHR)

• International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims (IRCT)

• Norwegian Helsinki Committee

• World Organization Against Torture (OMCT)

• REDRESS

• Human Rights Center "Viasna".

Hundreds of thousands of Belarusian citizens have been forced to flee to Lithuania and other countries due to repression and persecution. In its March 2024 report, the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights estimated that approximately 300,000 people have left Belarus since 2020.

Human rights advocates are urging ICC member states to consider all available measures to hold Lukashenko and his accomplices accountable for crimes including arbitrary detention, politically motivated persecution, unfair trials, unlawful killings, sexualized violence, torture, forced labor, and enforced disappearances.

They call on states to conduct national investigations and prosecutions based on universal jurisdiction to ensure accountability for all those responsible for the crimes committed by Lukashenko and his associates.

Pavel Latushka, Deputy Head of the United Transitional Cabinet and Head of the National Anti-Crisis Management, stated: "We deeply value the support from leading international human rights organizations in seeking accountability for the crimes committed against the Belarusian people. In turn, we will continue our systematic and targeted efforts to facilitate justice for the crimes committed by Lukashenko and his accomplices in Belarus. We will not step back from our primary goal: accountability for crimes against the Belarusian people must be achieved. And it will be achieved".

Source: NAM

The National Anti-Crisis Management continues to document the facts of the illegal transfer of Ukrainian children from the occupied territories of Ukraine to Belarus and their subsequent indoctrination in Belarus.

Over the past month, the NAM has gathered and documented additional data on the timing and locations of Ukrainian children’s transfers from the so-called “Luhansk and Donetsk People’s Republics” to Belarus in 2023 and 2024. This effort is part of the ongoing documentation process of war crimes committed by Lukashenko and his accomplices, initiated by the NAM in April 2023.

Key Results of the Effort:

1. An additional eight arrivals of groups of children from temporarily occupied regions of Ukraine to Belarus have been identified, covering the period from April 2023 to September 2024. The information and details of these transfers have been meticulously documented.

2. The document prepared by the NAU’s legal team includes:

• Dates and locations of the children’s stays during the specified period;

• Circumstances and reasons for their relocation;

• The program of activities they were engaged in while in Belarus;

• Sources used to verify data (photos, videos, documents).

Furthermore, efforts are underway to identify and gather information about employees of the Alexey Talai Charitable Foundation, who are actively involved in the war crime of illegally transferring Ukrainian children from occupied regions of Ukraine to Belarus. Special attention is being paid to uncovering funding channels and the organizational structure behind the children’s relocation to ensure the legal accountability of all involved parties. The collected data will be submitted to national and international justice bodies.

“We will continue our efforts to hold Lukashenko and his accomplices accountable for their crimes on multiple fronts, and the illegal transfer of Ukrainian children — constituting a war crime — is one of these. We will keep gathering additional evidence to supplement the two communications on this crime by the Lukashenko regime that we previously submitted to the International Criminal Court in 2023,” stated Pavel Latushka, Deputy Head of the United Transitional Cabinet and head of the NAM.

Source: NAM

Viasna human rights activists have received confirmation that Dzmitry Shlethauer, a citizen of the Russian Federation, died in Mahilioŭ penal colony No. 15. According to preliminary information, it happened on October 11, 2024. He stayed in the penal colony for less than a month. The exact cause of death is unknown. In the summer, he was sentenced to 12 years in a medium security penal colony for "espionage" (Article 358 of the Criminal Code) and "assistance to extremist activities" (Part 1 of Article 361-4 of the Criminal Code). This is the seventh death of a political prisoner behind bars.

Social media revealed that Dzmitry Shlethauer is 22 years old. He was born in Slavgorod, Russia, and received a Belarusian residence permit in 2018. The man worked in Kamianiec at an enterprise that produces polymer products and packaging.

The political prisoner was kept behind bars for less than a year. According to human rights activists, Dzmitry's brother was also detained, but later he was deported to Russia.

A few months ago, Schlethauer was tried under two articles of the Criminal Code. While the trial was taking place, he became a father.

The Supreme Court's website did not provide information on the hearing of his criminal case in the schedule of courts, only the date of hearing his appeal. The appeal was heard on August 30, and the decision was made by a judicial panel chaired by Judge Edhar Martsirasian.

According to Viasna, Dzmitry was sentenced to 12 years in a medium-security penal colony. In early autumn, he was sent to serve time in Mahilioŭ penal colony No. 15. Shortly after the transfer, he was found dead, but the exact cause of death is unknown.

Source: Human Rights Center "Viasna"